illuung your phone), communicate in any other way with other students in the class.
leave the computer during the exam unless really necessary.
The midterm is out of 40 points so you will need to move QUICKLY through the questions – don’t take 5 minutes looking up each answer! Use &
exam technique – go through and answer the questions you know and return to the ones you don’t or will take longer to answer. Make sure you
WATCH THE TIME (in the top right of the window) to make sure you don’t run out of time.
Question 1
1 pts
Which water molecule would condense and fall as rain most easily?
H2O where the oxygen is 160
HO where the oxygen is 180
there would be no difference
Question 2
1 pts
What has happened to the 8180 of seawater over the last 100 years as land ice melts?
it has become more negative
it has stayed the same
it has become more positive
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-42
-44
WEGEN
0
20000
ASLOPESTY
406
WORK TO
40000 60000 80000
Years before present
100000
120000
so OTPU
-30 40
MEAN ANNUAL AR TEMPERATE
.
The left hand graph shows an ice core record from Greenland. The right hand graph shows the relationship between
precipitation and mean air temperature. Use the two graphs to answer the questions below.
The minimum air temperature recorded by the ice core
✓ [Select)
-22 oC
-28 oC
-32 oC
The maximum air temperature recorded by the ice core
-42 oC
-48 OC
The minimum air temperatures occurred around Select ]
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Che left hand graph shows an ice core record from Greenland. The right hand graph shows the relatic
precipitation and mean air temperature. Use the two graphs to answer the questions below.
The minimum air temperature recorded by the ice core is Select)
The maximum air temperature recorded by the ice core i Select)
-22 oC
-28 oC
-32 oC
The minimum air temperatures occurred around [Select
-42 oC
-48 oC
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20000
40000
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100000
120000
SOUTH POLE
-30 -10 +10
MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATU
Years before present
The left hand graph shows an ice core record from Greenland. The right hand graph shows the relationship between
precipitation and mean air temperature. Use the two graphs to answer the questions below.
The minimum air temperature recorded by the ice core is [ Select ]
the ice core is Select]
The maximum air temperature recorded
The minimum air temperatures occurred around
✓ [ Select)
5000 years ago
25,000 years ago
125,000 years ago
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Question 3
3 pts
-26
-28
-30
VALENTIA
-10
DUBLIN
-32
-34
8180 of ice
COPERLAGEN
61°N GRENREDAL
TO’R SCORESBYSURD HANGMAGSSALK
GOOSE BAY
LABRADOR
UPE PHAY TSRUMAHAK 71°*
wanja
-20
-36
81(%)
-38
-30
SOUTH GREENLAND
-40
NORTH GREENLAND
SLOPE = 0.7%.1°C
HORLICK MTRS.85°
-42
-40-
-44
0
20000
100000
120000
40000
60000 80000
Years before present
SOUTH POLE
-30 -10 +10
+30
MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (*C)
The left hand graph shows an ice core record from Greenland. The right hand graph shows the relationship between 8180 of
precipitation and mean air temperature. Use the two graphs to answer the questions below.
The minimum air temperature recorded by the ice core is Select]
The maximum air temperature recorded by the ice core is [Select)
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The minimum air temperatures occurred around (Select]
Question 4
1 pts
There are 2 stable isotopes of carbon: 13C and 12C. During photosynthesis, plants preferentially take the lighter isotope (12C). If
there is more plant growth on Earth in future, what would happen to the 13C/12C ratio of CO2 in the atmosphere?
Oratio would increase
ratio would decrease
ratio would stay the same
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ratio would decrease
ratio would stay the same
Question 5
2 pts
Large, rapid temperature changes are seen in the Greenland ice cores but not in Antarctic ice cores. Explain what causes these
large temperature changes around Greenland? (2)
Edit
View Insert Format
Tools
Table
12pt v
Paragraph
| B I U
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600
Antarctica Ice Core Data
550
500
450
400
Ann
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دارای امرار في النا
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-800000
-700000
-600000
-500000
-400000
-300000
-200000
– 100000
0
Data from www.dimatedata.info
Years Before Present
e graphs above show the ice core records for the past 800,000 years on Antarctica. Which of the below staten
ese graphs is FALSE?
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Data from www.climatedata.info
Dust
-S00000 -400000 -300000
Years Before Present
-200000
-100000
The graphs above show the ice core records for the past 800,000 years on Antarctica. Which of the below statements related to
these graphs is FALSE?
It is dustiest (and therefore driest) during cold glacial periods.
Temperature and carbon dioxide records match very well – when carbon dioxide is higher, temperature is also higher.
As we move forward in time, temperatures follow a pattern where there is gradual warming into an interglacial but then very abrupt, dramatic
cooling to the next glacial.
Warmer interglacial periods occur every 100,000 years on this graph.
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contreal
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ermend
there is gradual warming into an interglacial but then very abrupt, dramatic
Warmer interglacial periods occur every 100,000 years on this graph.
Question 7
1 pts
We see that the timing of glacial/interglacial periods are controlled by the Milankovitch cycles. What is needed to grow more
ice, creating glacial conditions on Earth?
colder winter temperatures in the Northern hemisphere
colder summer temperatures in the Northern hemisphere
colder winter temperatures in the Southern hemisphere
colder summer temperatures in the Southern hemisphere
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Question 8
1 pts
The world was very different 20,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum. Which of the following is TRUE?
it was much dryer in most places but California was much wetter
the animals living during that time are the same as those we see today
carbon dioxide levels were higher than today
the area covered with rainforests were much larger compared to today
Question 9
2 nts
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Question 9
3 pts
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Gerald Osborn
a) What could trigger an outburst flood from this lake? (1)
b) Explain one engineering solution and one socio-economic solution to mitigate the risk from this lake? (2)
Edit
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12ptv
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Question 10
1 pts
All of the factors below would create greater risk from a glacial outburst flood. Which of them relates specifically to
"vulnerability"?
several bridges and roads located downstream from the glacial lake
a lack of emergency services to assist after the flood
more unstable glaciers due to climate change resulting in more frequent avalanches
a large number of people living downstream from the glacial lake
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Command
Question 11
3 pts
A
B
Precipitation/streamflow
Precipitation/streamflow
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
C
D
Precipitation/streamflow
Precipitation/streamflow
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
On the crane above the solidiradiline shown
arbed blue line chrome stream
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Winter
Precipitation/stream
Precipitation/streamflow
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
On the graphs above, the solid red line shows precipitation and the dashed blue line shows streamflow.
At the location we are interested in, there
a dry season in the summer and a wet season in the winter.
The graph that accurately shows the precipitation and streamflow that would result when there are large glaciers in the region is
hs
✓ Select ]
A
B
С
D
ws the precipitation and streamflow that would result if those glaciers melted away completely is
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Precipitati
Precipitation
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
On the graphs above, the solid red line shows precipitation and the dashed blue line shows streamflow.
At the location we are interested in, there is a dry season in the summer and a wet season in the winter.
The graph that accurately shows the precipitation and streamflow that would result when there are large glaci
[Select]
The graph that accurately shows the precipitation and streamflow that would result if those glaciers melted a
Select ]
А
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al accurately shows the precipitation and streamflow that would result when there are large glaciers in the region is
Season in the winter,
[Select]
The graph that accurately shows the precipitation and streamflow that would result if those glaciers melted away completely is
Select)
U
Question 12
1 pts
If the wet season of a location was the summer instead of the winter, would the area's water supplies be more or less affected
by changes due to the disappearance of mountain glaciers?
more
less
the same
1 pts
Question 13
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ance of mountain glaciers?
the area's water supplies be more or less affected
more
less
the same
Question 13
1 pts
After 'peak water' occurs:
freshwater supplies in streams coming from mountain glaciers will increase
there will be no water in local streams at any time of the year
freshwater supplies in
treams coming from mountain glaciers will decrease
Question 14
1 pts
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Question 14
1 pts
Which of the following is a way that melting glaciers will affect the population of countries who depend on them for freshwater?
a reduction of water available for irrigation
worsening health due to poor water quality in some areas
a loss of water supply to power hydroelectric power plants
all of the above
Question 15
1 pts
Which of the following would make a country LESS at risk from a large reduction in freshwater coming from mountain glaciers
over the next 100 years?
an increasing population
a large proportion of the county's energy is generated using hydroelectric power
relatively high amounts of precipitation in downstream areas
the population is relatively poor and depends on agriculture for their livelihoods
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Question 16
3 pts
The map below shows 3 locations (Norway, Namibia, Peru). Match the location to the correct tide gauge graph based on the
information below. The tide gauges show whether there has been an increase or decrease in sea level from the year 1900-
2000.
Norway
Peru
Namibia
Norway - a high latitude location that was underneath a large ice sheet during the last glacial period. The tide gauge record for
Norway would be (Select]
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Norway - a high latitude location that was underneath a large ice sheet during the last glacial period. The tide gauge recor
Norway would be [Select ]
Gauge A
Gauge B
Namibia - a low
Gauge C
experienced any significant land surface movement. The tide gauge recor
Gauge D
Namibia would b
Gauge E
Gauge F
Peru - this area experienced a very large earthquake in 1950 that caused significant drop of the land. The tide gauge reco
Peru would be [Select ]
+
Gauge A
+
Gauge
Sea level (m)
Sea level (m)
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
20
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Norway - a high latitude location that was underneath a large ice sheet during the last glacial period. The tide gauge reco
Norway would be (Select]
Namibia - a low latitude location which has not experienced any significant land surface movement. The tide gauge reco
Namibia would bi [Select ]
Gauge A
Gauge B
Peru - this area e
Gauge C
Peru would be
Gauge D
Gauge E
Gauge F
ake in 1950 that caused significant drop of the land. The tide gauge rec
+
Gauge A
+
Gaug
Sea level (m)
o
Sea level (m)
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
20
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Gauge A
Gauge B
Gauge C
Gauge D
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Gauge F
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Sea level (m)
Sea level (m)
1900
1950
2000
1900
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0
PORT
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W
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A
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Iced a very large earthquake in 1950 that caused significant drop of the land. The tide gauge record for
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+
Gauge A
+
Gauge B
Sea level (m)
Sea level (m)
a +
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
Gauge C
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2000
Gauge D
Sea level (m)
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Sea level (m)
-
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
2000
+
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+
Gauge F
m)
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Question 16
3 pts
The map below shows 3 locations (Norway, Namibia, Peru). Match the location to the correct tide gauge graph based on the
information below. The tide gauges show whether there has been an increase or decrease in sea level from the year 1900-
2000.
Norway
Peru
Namibia
Norway - a high latitude location that was underneath a large ice sheet during the last glacial period. The tide gauge record for
Norway would be (Select]
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Norway - a high latitude location that was underneath a large ice sheet during the last glacial period. The tide gauge recor
Norway would be [Select ]
Gauge A
Gauge B
Namibia - a low
Gauge C
experienced any significant land surface movement. The tide gauge recor
Gauge D
Namibia would b
Gauge E
Gauge F
Peru - this area experienced a very large earthquake in 1950 that caused significant drop of the land. The tide gauge reco
Peru would be [Select ]
+
Gauge A
+
Gauge
Sea level (m)
Sea level (m)
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
20
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Norway - a high latitude location that was underneath a large ice sheet during the last glacial period. The tide gauge reco
Norway would be (Select]
Namibia - a low latitude location which has not experienced any significant land surface movement. The tide gauge reco
Namibia would bi [Select ]
Gauge A
Gauge B
Peru - this area e
Gauge C
Peru would be
Gauge D
Gauge E
Gauge F
ake in 1950 that caused significant drop of the land. The tide gauge rec
+
Gauge A
+
Gaug
Sea level (m)
o
Sea level (m)
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
20
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Peru would b [Select]
Gauge A
Gauge B
Gauge C
Gauge D
Gauge E
Gauge F
Gauge A
Sea level (m)
Sea level (m)
1900
1950
2000
1900
+
Gauge C
+
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evel (m)
0
PORT
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W
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tab
A
caps lock
Iced a very large earthquake in 1950 that caused significant drop of the land. The tide gauge record for
Peru would be [Select]
+
Gauge A
+
Gauge B
Sea level (m)
Sea level (m)
a +
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
Gauge C
+
2000
Gauge D
Sea level (m)
0
0
Sea level (m)
-
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
2000
+
Gauge E
+
Gauge F
m)
n)
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Sea level (m
Sea level (m)
1900
1950
2000
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1900
1950
Gauge E
2000
+
Gauge F
Sea level (m)
o
Sea levei (m)
1900
1950
2000
1900
1950
2000
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1950
2000
Question 17
1 pts
Which of the following would cause a eustatic increase in sea level?
sea ice melting in the Arctic Ocean
an increase in our removal of groundwater for growing crops
a decrease in ocean temperatures
the growth of large ice sheets on land
Question 18
1 pts
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Question 18
1 pts
So far, thermal expansion has been the largest contributor to sea level rise. What are we MOST concerned about in terms of the
potential magnitude and rate of sea level rise in coming centuries or millenia?
the amount of groundwater we use up
mountain glaciers around the world
the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets
melting Arctic sea ice
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Question 19
1 pts
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Question 19
1 pts
Which of the below diagrams accurately represents a positive feedback loop occurring on Greenland?
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Amount of
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Height of
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Height of
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Amount of
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Height of
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Air
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Height of
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Question 20
1 pts
Why are we more worried about the West Antarctic ice sheet melting/collapsing than the East Antarctic ice sheet?
Because air temperatures are rising dramatically in West Antarctica but not in East Antarctica.
Because the East Antarctic icesheet is resting on rock above sea level but the West Antarctic ice sheet is resting on rock far below sea level.
Because the West Antarctic ice sheet is 10 times bigger than the East Antarctic ice sheet.
Question 21
2 pts
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Because the East Antarctic icesheet is resting on rock above sea level but the West Antarctic ice sheet is resting on rock far below sea level.
ut in East Antarctica.
Because the West Antarctic ice sheet is 10 times bigger than the East Antarctic ice sheet.
Question 21
2 pts
Sea walls have been proposed as a solution to sea level rise. Give:
a) at least ONE negative consequence of sea level rise that sea walls could protect against. (1)
b) at least ONE reason why sea walls may not always be a good solution to prevent harm. (1)
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Question 22
1 pts
Sea leve rise - Exposure: Of the 3 locations we discussed in the last lecture, which would have the largest exposure to a 1m sea
level rise?
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Maputo, Mozambique
Tuvalu
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Tuvalu
Question 23
2 pts
Sea level rise - Vulnerability: Of the 3 locations (Rotterdam, Maputo, Tuvalu) we discussed in the last lecture, which do you think
would be most vulnerable to 1m of sea level rise and why? (2)
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Question 24
3 pts
Adapting to sea level rise: The diagram below shows a house close to sea level. Name the 3 major adaptation strategies and for
each strategy give a specific example of something the owner of the house could do to adapt to sea level rise. (3)
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Question 25
1 pts
What is the most useful thing society could do to prevent the worst impacts of climate change?
reduce carbon emissions
build floating houses
O invest in more insurance
Question 26
1 pts
Apart from sea level rise, explain at least one way that your life in California is likely to be affected by melting of the cryosphere.
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Question 26
1 pts
Apart from sea level rise, explain at least one way that your life in California is likely to be affected by melting of the cryosphere.
(If you live somewhere else right now you are welcome to answer for your area instead but please also tell me where you are!)
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Question 27
1 pts
Explain one thing you learned in the class that surprised you or the topic you most enjoyed learning about. (1)
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