E. MODEL HYDROGENATION1. Open the MolView opens in new window modeler.
2. Click the trash icon
in the upper left to clear any structure that
may be present.
3. Click on the C atom in the tool bar along the right-hand side. Then
click anywhere in the white workspace to add a carbon atom.
4. Click in the workspace again to add a second C atom.
5. Click the double bond icon
along the left-hand panel to select a
double bond. Click on one of the carbon atoms and drag to the other
carbon atom to double-bond them together.
6. Click on the H atom in the tool bar along the right-hand side. Click
on a C atom and drag off to add a hydrogen atom bonded to that
carbon. Add hydrogen atoms until you have a stable structure.
7. Click the 2D to 3D button
along the top to render your
molecule and check to make sure that it has been correctly
constructed (the molecule in the black area should have the same
atoms as your structure).
8. Either draw the structure on your worksheet OR use a screen shot
or snipping tool to copy and paste the structural formula onto your
worksheet.
9. Now add a hydrogen molecule to your workspace by adding one H
atom, then clicking and dragging off of it to bond a second H atom.
(You will probably want to place the molecule fairly close to your
first molecule.)
10.
Paste or draw this structure on your worksheet.
11.
Now select the single bond icon
to select a single bond.
along the left-hand panel
12.
Click on the C=C double bond to change it from a double bond
to a single bond.
13.
Click on one of the C atoms and drag the single bond to one of
the H atoms in the hydrogen molecule to bond the two atoms
together.
14.
Click on the other C atom and drag the single bond to the other
H atom in the hydrogen molecule to bond the two together.
15.
Click on the eraser icon
separate the two H atoms.
and then on the single H-H bond to
16.
Click the 2D to 3D button
along the top to render your
molecule and check to make sure that it has been correctly
constructed (the molecule in the black area should have the same
atoms as your structure).
17.
Either draw the structure on your worksheet OR use a screen
shot or snipping tool to copy and paste the structural formula onto
your worksheet.
18.
Repeat this process but start with the molecule with the
formula C3H6
F. MODEL POLYMERIZATION
1. Use the MolView opens in new window modeler.
2. Click the trash icon
in the upper left to clear any structure that
may be present.
3. Click on the double-bond icon
along the left-hand panel to
select a double bond. Click anywhere in the workspace to add a
C=C. (This will represent one ethene molecule.) Click three more
times to add three more C=C groups. It is easiest if you place them
in a row from left to right.
4. Click the Toggle skeletal formula button
along the top twice
(turning it off and back on) to add H atoms to your molecules.
5. Check to ensure you have FOUR ethene molecules (C3H6) on your
screen.
6. Add a hydrogen atom by clicking the H button on the right-hand
side and then clicking in the workspace. It will be easiest if the H
atom is close to the left-most ethene molecule. Add one more
hydrogen close to the right-most ethene molecule.
7. Click on the single bond icon
along the left-hand panel to select
a single bond. Click on the free H on the left and drag to the leftmost carbon on the left-most ethene molecule to bond the atoms
together.
8. Now, in the molecule that you have just added the hydrogen to,
change the double bond to a single bond by clicking on it.
9. Click from the 2nd carbon in the first molecule (which should
currently have only 3 bonds) and drag to bond it to the first carbon
in the next molecule.
10.
Change the second double bond to a single bond.
11.
Repeat the previous two steps until all four molecules are
connected together.
12.
Click from the 2nd carbon on the last molecule and drag to the
unbonded H atom to bond them together.
13.
Click the Toggle skeletal formula button
along the top twice
(turning it off and back on) to clean up the H atoms on your
structure.
14.
Draw or paste the molecule that you have created on your
worksheet.
15.
This is an example of a polyethylene molecule, because it was
made by connecting eth(yl)ene monomers. Polyethylene chains will
vary in length and may be significantly longer. However, this is also
an example of an n-alkane. Write the name of this molecule on your
worksheet.
G. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
1. Open the PhET Build a Molecule simulation opens in new window.
2. Click on Playground.
ALCOHOLS
3. Drag one of the carbon atoms from the bin onto the blue
workspace.
4. Drag one of the hydrogen atoms from the bin to the carbon atom
to bond them together. Repeat this with two other hydrogen
atoms.
5. Drag one of the oxygen atoms from the bin to the carbon atom to
bond them together.
6. Drag a hydrogen atom from the bin to the oxygen atom to bond
them together.
7. If you have done this correctly, the molecule name “methanol”
should appear on the screen. Press the 3D button
to render the
model. You may wish to click on the ball-and-stick icon on the
right
to switch the model type. The pause button can be used
to stop the model from rotating. You may click on the model and
drag to rotate it.
8. Paste a copy or draw this model on your worksheet in the Alcohol
section. Label it as methanol (you may just wish to include the name
in your snip/screen shot).
9. Press the return to bin button on the left
workspace.
to clear the
10.
Use the simulation to build a model of ethanol, an alcohol with
2 carbon atoms, remembering that alcohols have the general
formula R-OH. When you have the correct structure, the name
“ethanol” will appear. Paste a copy or draw the model for ethanol in
the Alcohol section of your worksheet. Label it as ethanol.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
11.
Clear the workspace in the PhET simulation Playground.
12.
Add a carbon atom to the workspace.
13.
Bond two oxygen atoms to the carbon.
14.
To one of the oxygens, add a hydrogen atom. (Do not add
anything to the other oxygen.) You have now created the carboxylic
acid functional group.
15.
Add a 2nd carbon atom, bonding it to the carbon atom on your
molecule. This carbon would be considered the “R” portion of the
molecule.
16.
Add hydrogen atoms to this 2nd carbon atom until it has 4
bonds.
17.
If you have created the correct structure, the name “acetic
acid” will appear. Click the 3D button to render the model.
18.
Paste a copy or draw the model for acetic acid in the Carboxylic
Acid section of your worksheet. Label it as acetic acid.
19.
Build a model for propionic acid, which has the carboxylic acid
functional group and two additional carbon atoms as the “R,” along
with their associated hydrogen atoms. The name “propionic acid”
will appear when you have built the correct structure.
20.
Render the molecule in 3D and paste a copy or draw the model
for proprionic acid in the Carboxylic Acid section of your worksheet.
Label it as propionic acid.
AMINES
21.
Clear the workspace in the PhET simulation Playground.
22.
Add a nitrogen atom to the workspace.
23.
Add a carbon atom to the nitrogen.
24.
Add a 2nd carbon atom to the first.
25.
Add hydrogen atoms until all carbons have 4 bonds and the
nitrogen has 3.
26.
If you have created the correct structure, the name
“ethylamine” will appear. Render it in 3D and paste or draw the
model for ethylamine in the Amine section of your worksheet. Label
it as ethylamine.
27.
Create a structure for dimethylamine. Instead of the two
carbon atoms being bonded to each other, they are both bonded to
the nitrogen atom directly. Again, add hydrogens as needed to make
4 carbon bonds and 3 nitrogen bonds. The name “dimethylamine”
should appear. View it in 3D and paste or draw the model in the
Amine section of your worksheet. Label it as dimethylamine.
ESTERS
28.
Clear the workspace in the PhET simulation Playground.
29.
Add atoms to the workspace connected in the following order:
CCOC.
30.
To the second C atom, add another O atom.
31.
To the carbons on the ends, add 3 H atoms each.
32.
If you have created the correct structure, the name “acetic acid
methyl ester” should appear. This is the ester that would form
between acetic acid (the left 2 carbons and the branched oxygen)
and methanol (the other O and the methyl group on the right) after
water had been formed from the atoms leaving the acid and alcohol
groups.
33.
Render the 3D model. Paste or draw the model in the Ester
section of your worksheet. (If you wish to label it, methyl ethanoate
is the more accepted name.)
34.
On the simulation, click on the right-hand arrow
to a larger set of atoms.
to switch
35.
Create the ester that would form between acetic acid and
ethanol. Review the previous example and the Background
Information section for help on creating this structure. When you
have the correct structure, the name “acetic acid ethyl ester” should
appear.
36.
Render the 3D model. Paste or draw the model in the Ester
section of your worksheet. (If you wish to label it, ethyl ethanoate
is the more accepted name.)