- J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of feasibility,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, no. 1, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.
- D. B. Payne, A. B. Wang, and J. R. Stern, “Wavelength-switched passively coupled single-mode optical network,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1985, pp. 585–590
1
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and
Applications
Krishna Kanth Kuthati
Abstract—A physical object is attached to an RFID tag that
contains a unique code. The object now has a one-of-a-kind
identifier. After that, the object transmits the code obtained from
the tag to the rest of the system. In this manner, the reader can
learn more about the subject. In reality, RFID isn’t a new
technology, but it’s being used in new ways. RFID is a fast-growing
technology.
In comparison to barcodes, RFID is a much better option. The
scanner must be positioned to read the barcode label. Component
tracking, inventory management, and equipment monitoring are
just a few possible uses for an RFID technology identified by the
Construction Industry Institute in 2000. RFID-based technologies
are expected to improve transportation safety and security,
increase transportation system efficiency, and ultimately save
money and improve our lives.
I.
INTRODUCTION
R
ADIO Frequency identification (RFID) tags have increased
dramatically in the last decade. The use of tags is
widespread, from inventory control to product tracking to
safety. Using a reader and a tag, you can keep tabs on where
your items are by transmitting their location data back to the
reader. Numerous methods exist for reducing tag collisions.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag collision is a
problem that needs to be studied and addressed in this study.
RFID is a radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology
used in the public and private sectors.
When referring to technologies that automatically use radio
waves to identify people or objects over long distances, the term
“Radio Frequency Identification” (RFID) is commonly used.
Automated object recognition is now possible with the help of
Auto-ID technology [1]. Barcode, Magnetic Stripe, IC Card,
OCR, Voice Recognition, Fingerprint, and Optical Strip are
other technologies for identifying objects. RFID’s automatic
data collection system helps increase the system’s efficiency.
For identification, a tag and reader combination is employed
[1].
A physical object is attached to an RFID tag that contains a
unique code. The object now has a one-of-a-kind identifier.
After that, the object transmits the code obtained from the tag
to the rest of the system. In this manner, the reader can learn
more about the subject. In reality, RFID isn’t a new technology,
but it’s being used in new ways. RFID is a fast-growing
technology. In comparison to barcodes, RFID is a much better
option. The scanner must be positioned to read the barcode label
[1].
The scanner or objects must be moved manually [3]. RFID
technology is briefly discussed in Singh et al. [4]. RFID can
operate in the presence of a barrier due to its fast reading speed.
Krishna Kanth Kuthati, Department of Computer Science,
Wright State University, Ohio.
Because of its increased read range, quick scanning speed, and
adaptability in storing information, this technology excels in
various applications [2]. Many industries use RFID technology,
including manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, and
industries.
II.
BACKGROUND MATERIAL
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was first developed in
the 1970s by the US government and LANL (Los Alamos
National Laboratory) to track nuclear materials. To follow up
on that, the lab at LANL created a passive tag that can be read
by radio waves of ultra-high frequency (UHF). In 1973, RFID
patents for memory rewritable tags for active type and an
intelligent door system with passive tags were filed in the
United States. As far back as 1984, chassis carriers were fitted
with RFID tags that served as “licence plates” for the vehicles.
The use of high frequency (13.56MHz) systems has expanded
from tracking reusable assets to a wide range of applications
[3].
Fig. 1. Basic RFID Structure (from reference [1]).
As a result of its high operating costs, this technology was
slow to catch on in the early stages of development. As a result,
researchers worked hard between 1999 and 2003 to reduce
costs. An Electronic Identification System, Electronic Vehicle
License Plate and many more patents have been issued on RFID
technology.
III.
APPLICATIONS
A. Inventory and Asset Management
Regarding inventory and asset management, Wal-Mart is an
early adopter of RFID technology. Each bundle or category of
products at Wal-Mart is assigned unique numbers, which are
entered into a passive or active tag. This information will be
transmitted to the suppliers to notify the operations and
merchandising centre of the products’ arrival. Chips equipped
with radio frequency identification (RFID) can be used to track
various products hierarchically, including single-item packages
2
for retail sale and multi-item cartons for wholesale and
distribution [3].
Radiofrequency identification (RFID) is a particular type of
advanced technology in this asset management system. Here,
we explain how RFID tags and scanners can track and manage
assets. Backscatter technology connects the tags to the
scanners. Not only are the assets being tracked, but we’re also
talking about how we’ll be notified if a tag is tampered with. We
prefer the fragile watermark process for tracing how the asset
was tampered with or checking if an RFID asset has been
tampered with. This project can also measure the micromovements of the tags. An admin of the entire administration
will be notified via email or text message if the scanner detects
any new assets or any unusual events related to existing assets.
Any technological implementation must also take into
consideration issues of confidentiality and integrity. Encryption
is used to verify the RFID tags’ integrity and identify them.
Using high-quality scanners, micro displacement can be seen
here for all of the assets associated with RFID tags when
scanned.
RFID technology’s primary security concern is the
duplication or tampering of the tag and the eavesdropping on
user information. Encryption can be used to get around this
issue. Asymmetries and symmetries are two terms used to
describe different types of encryption. Using an asymmetric
encryption algorithm takes a lot of computational power,
whereas symmetric encryption is more efficient in this regard.
We’ll use symmetric encryption during the data transfer from
the RFID tag to the scanner so that anyone sniffing the RFID
network’s traffic without authorization will have no idea what
they are capturing. To ensure that no one can access the user’s
personal information and use it to create a copy of the tag [18].
Symmetric encryption has some drawbacks, such as that an
attacker can decrypt the data if they obtain the key. Because
we’ll be using RFID technology to track and monitor an
organisation’s assets rather than the general public, we’ll be
using the more commonly used symmetric encryption method
instead. Symmetric encryption is preferable because the tag
does not have its power source and relies on the radio wave only
sent by the scanner.
Because of its adaptability, this system is well-suited for
specialised use across various industries. A high-precision,
close-range system for monitoring dense inventories, such as
those found in medical research facilities, libraries, paper mills,
and beverage factories, could be developed based on the tags
and antennas used [13–15]. To construct an RFID system
suitable for any application, environmental factors must be
considered when determining the necessary elements to be
utilised. You can use well-documented analysis methods to
determine how environmental hazards affect RFID
performance and what hardware choices can mitigate the
adverse effects [18]. Completing this evaluation allows the
modular system to work well in nearly any environment.
Improved long-term maintainability may necessitate the
creation of tools for database modification. There is potential to
dynamically resize user interface elements in response to the
screen resolution, as the client software interface is currently
optimised for small touchscreen use. You could also create a
web-based client rather than continue to work on Java client
software. Since computers, smartphones, and tablets have web
browsers, this would be a huge step forward. As an HTTP
server already exists to serve data, the new development could
easily integrate with the existing framework. A web developer
would only have to design a user interface to display tag reads
in a web browser [18].
Fig. 3. Prevalence of data processing in 2021(from refernce[18]).
Every aspect of the supply chain receives real-time
information from RFID technology, which synchronises and
shares data.
B. Transportation
Another potential application for RFID technology is in
package transportation. Postal and courier services have
become the second-largest application of RFID in the world
after the retail supply chain after less than ten years. RFID
labels used by DHL (a global postal company founded by
Dalsey and Lynn) have shown that innovation can be
implemented. By replacing the current barcode system with the
new postal RFID system, we hope to save money, time, and
human error. It is possible to use RFID technology to increase
mail packaging process capabilities while reducing logistics
costs. With the current system, it is now possible to automate
real-time information [4].
Information systems used by public transportation
companies are primarily two. It is the main IS for public
transportation companies, processing data from administrative
staff, part-editing schedules, and rotas through movements to
operations with smart cards. IS This IS is primarily used for
processing
and
maintaining
employee
personnel
administration, payroll administration, payroll staff, and
calculating social contribution tax and customer obligations
under the second IS’s economic character. There is a lack of
automation in the company’s processes due to the
incompatibility of these two information systems and the
difficulty of data transfer between them. Because of this, a
search is underway for a system that can transfer and process
the output of these Information Systems (IS).
Similarly, implementing an RFID-based identification
system in public transportation is a significant challenge. The
primary goal of RFID systems is to improve vehicle tracking
and control. As part of a vehicle tracking system, an RFID
system offers better accuracy and more comprehensive data
3
than a barcode system. Increased data collection, transfer and
recording automation is possible thanks to RFID systems. This
data can be used to improve transportation planning and
management by the service provider continuously.
The implementation of RFID systems in the field of public
bus transportation provides a wide range of options. Any
company in the public transportation industry can benefit from
using RFID parking systems because they are cost-effective and
offer abundant data collection opportunities. An efficient
alternative can be guaranteed for businesses after data
processing and statistical analysis. According to our research,
public vehicle parking systems can fully use RFID technology.
There are numerous advantages to implementing RFID in this
situation, including increased driver comfort and productivity,
reduced fuel consumption, reduced administrative and human
resources (mistakes and errors), shortened wait times, and
improved parking payment efficiency. Further research into the
potential advantages of RFID in public transportation will need
to verify these claims [17].
Fig. 4. Comparison of RFID Applications (from reference [17]
C. Automatic Online Payment
American Express, Visa, and MasterCard have launched
pilot programmes in the United States to examine the use of
RFID-based payments due to the success of toll collection
programmes. Near Field Communication (NFC) wireless
payment systems are being pioneered by Sony and Phillips
(NFC). Using these systems, PCs, handheld computers, and
other electronic devices will be able to communicate with one
another using RFID technology. An RFID reader is plugged
into the computer’s USB port, and smart cards can be swiped to
access the user’s online portals. Customers can shop and pay for
goods and services online, save receipts to their PCs, and
transmit them to an RFID tag on their mobile phones using NFC
technology [5].
Another name for RFID is an ADC (automated identification
and data collection) system. Reader and software are also
included in this package of tags, antennas or coils, and
electronics. The integrated circuits group includes IC designers,
antenna manufacturers, and IC suppliers. ICs such as these are
used in developing RFID hardware, including tags (active or
passive), readers, printers, and other components.
In addition to being distributors and value-added resellers,
system integrators are also distributors and system integrators.
Dual-interface SIM cards are SIM-pass cards that combine the
technologies of SIM cards and DI cards. It operates in both
contact and non-contact modes. While the non-contact mode is
compatible with many smart card application specifications, the
contact mode is used to achieve SIM functions. With the
assistance of the wireless communication network and
associated mobile payment service platform, the mobile phone
using SIM-pass technology can perform a number of on-site
mobile phone payment services. Due to the lower frequency of
13.56MHz, a specific radio frequency antenna must be installed
inside the mobile phone in order to support non-contact
payments. There are currently two options: one is to integrate
the antenna into the mobile phone’s back cover, and the other is
to weld a sensor antenna onto the SIM-pass card. The first
option is inexpensive, but the antennas are susceptible to
damage, and the hardware connection is unstable and
unreliable. The second requires high costs because it requires
the re-manufacturing of mobile phones.
Numerous companies offer training and consulting. Others
provide services that span the entire value chain rather than just
one or two key areas.
D. Healthcare
There are numerous advantages to using RFID in healthcare,
and more are on the horizon. In the healthcare industry, RFID
technology has a vast market. An RFID tag can identify
counterfeit medication, tampered with dosages, and even
expired medications in a pharmaceutical application.
Consequently, RFID can save lives and stop some companies
from engaging in illegal activities.
Hospitals are currently working to increase patient safety
while lowering operating expenses. These efforts are frequently
hampered by human and systemic errors. Between 44,000 and
98,000 deaths per year are thought to be caused by medical
errors, according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM),
demonstrating the urgent need to increase patient safety in
American hospitals. High operational efficiency in healthcare
is another crucial objective for assessing organizational
performance. The common occurrences that cause healthcare
operations to fail are identified as five issues, including medical
errors, rising costs, theft and loss, drug counterfeiting, and
ineffective workflow.
RFID can also be used in clinical trials to track the dosage
and frequency of medication administration, which can
significantly impact the study’s outcomes or even the subject’s
life. Patient medical records, equipment, and even newborn
babies’ wristbands can be tracked using radio frequency
identification (RFID). For example, patients with Alzheimer’s
or diabetes can be adequately cared for by scanning their
wristbands containing an RFID chip, which provides the proper
information to health care providers, who can then use that
information to provide appropriate treatment. Newborns with
RFID wristbands are protected from medical errors due to
misidentification of their medical records [6].
4
Fig. 5. Healthcare market and RFID (from reference [2])
The transition from the age of stone to industrialization is
transforming our world today into an information age. People
are more aware of their rights, needs, and survival in the
competitiveness than ever before, and healthcare is the most
important issue because it is a matter of life and death. Despite
the advancements in medical science, humanity has
continuously faced new diseases and challenges. Health care is
now a significant part of the global economy, which is worth
noting. Healthcare consumes roughly 14% of global GDP [2].
At the same time, patient’s tolerance for mistreatment due to
incorrect delivery of pathological reports and medications is
nearly unacceptably high in the healthcare industry. Correcting
mistakes that result in the loss of life is not an option. In the
healthcare industry, RFID technology has tremendous potential
for thoroughly addressing the issue of catastrophic errors.
Because of the high value of the services provided, the
technology costs in the healthcare industry are relatively low.
It’s worth the cost of an RFID system if a patient is not
mismedicated, a doctor has the right tools for an operation, the
time it takes to search for equipment, the amount of fake
medicine produced, or the stress of an autistic child’s caregiver
is reduced. When the authors realised that RFID technology
could potentially be used in the healthcare sector, they were
inspired to conduct this investigation.
Fig. 6. RFID Based Healthcare system (from reference [2])
The WHO conducted a survey and found that between 5%
and 8% of global pharmaceuticals are fake. Some countries
have a much higher rate of counterfeit drugs than others
(between 25 to 50 percent ). Counterfeit drugs cost the
pharmaceutical industry an estimated $2 billion annually [5].
RFID tags can identify counterfeit or fake products, those that
have been tampered with, those that have been substituted, and
those that are unacceptable (i.e., expired, discarded, returned,
recalled, etc.). Both manufacturers and distributors need
improved inventory visibility. It is common for healthcare
professionals to keep extra supplies on hand in case of a
shortage. Increasing inventory visibility may reduce buffer
stocks by substituting knowledge for inventory, thereby
lowering total inventory costs [6]. To get a pharmaceutical drug
through the approval process, there is a lot of paperwork
involved. Accurate monitoring of patient usage is critical during
the clinical trial phase of new drugs. RFID technology in
clinical-phase testing protocols can help track drug usage better
[6]. Hospitals and EMS (Emergency Medical Services) face
numerous challenges daily. The healthcare organisation bears
responsibility if a patient goes missing from a hospital bed or
emergency room or if the patient receives incorrect treatment as
a result of incorrect identification. The use of RFID wristbands
facilitates patient tracking and identification [7].
RFID is evolving beyond the perception that it is only used
to track assets and is now seen as a technology that can improve
care by monitoring patients who are at risk, such as newborns,
children, and elderly patients with dementia. RFID is also used
to precisely pinpoint the location of staff members and victims
at the emergency site. A prototype for hospital staff tracking is
also offered. Since people tracking involves patients,
physicians, medical expertise, as well as other organizational,
privacy, and social issues, it is more difficult than asset
tracking.
Patients with epilepsy are being monitored by IMECNederland (IMEC-NL) using active RFID tags integrated with
sensors. Many people are sceptical of RFID technology. As a
result, privacy advocates fear that tracking the movements of
serialised objects could be used to track the people who carry
them. Concerns about the patient and visitor tagging have been
raised by privacy advocates [11]. The use of RFID technology
is disputed by many people. Privacy advocates worry that
following the whereabouts of serialized objects could be used
to follow the carriers of those objects. Privacy advocates are
concerned about the patient and visitor tagging. RFID-enabled
servers behind a firewall are more secure than a clipboard at the
foot of a bed protecting personal information. In the next few
years, there is a growing demand for quality and service in the
healthcare industry, which will lead to changes in healthcare
support systems through RFID. Changes to the privacy and
security of healthcare information may result from this. New
policies, security technology, and interfaces will be needed to
collect healthcare data to implement those systems. Regulations
and standards for electronic storage and transmission of
medical information are being established by the HIBCC and
the HIPAA (Healthcare Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act) [2].
5
Fig. 8. Agriculture and RFID ( from reference [13]).
Fig. 7. RFID in use (from reference [11]).
As a result, patient care will be of higher quality. The FDA
approved using the first RFID tag on a human in October of that
year. As a result of this system, doctors can access the patient’s
medical history more quickly and accurately by reading the
information in a passive tag implanted under the skin. With the
aid of RFID and an electronic medical record system, the health
care system can be more efficient. A well-known German
pharmaceutical distributor, Sanacorp, uses RFID technology to
pick and ship its medical supplies.
E. Agriculture
RFID technology has seen a huge uptick in interest since the
outbreak of Mad Cow Disease in the United Kingdom and the
discovery of the disease in the United States. Domestic or
international food supply chain improvement is a primary goal
of this effort. With RFID technology, the government can track
all potentially contaminated food and prevent the further spread
of any disease through the supply chain and agriculture. The
national animal identification programme will use an RFID
tagging system approved by the USDA. The livestock industry
uses a unique identification number for each animal to track and
destroy animals infected with diseases like Mad Cow Disease
[13].
The USDA recommends using visual tags, such as RFID ear
tags for livestock. RFID technology on almond and pistachio
farms in California has resulted in a 60% reduction in the time
it takes to load nuts. Database collection and tracking products
have also improved as a result. Additionally, the information
stored in RFID tags enables warehouse staff to prioritise the
arrival of incoming shipments [7].
Numerous industries have benefited from the use of RFID
technology. Among the many uses of this technology are
logistics, resource management, automation and monitoring in
the production process, care management in hospitals, recycling
management, food control and management in the food
industry, pharmaceuticals industry, book storage and location
in bookstores, luggage routing at airports, valuables location in
buildings, security and access control, ticketing and transport,
contactless phone. Agriculture applications involving both food
and animals can benefit from the operational solutions that
RFID technology provides. The temperature mapping of the
pineapple supply chain, safety monitoring and assurance
systems for chilled food products, monitoring applications for
the transportation of refrigerated perishable goods, and
temperature-managed traceability are just a few applications.
Due to its versatility, ability to identify, classify, and manage
the flow of goods, RFID has been successfully used for
traceability and process management in the supply chain. RFID
has been used in supply chain management, agrofood logistics,
and supply quality control processes. First expire-First Out
(FEFO) monitoring has been used extensively. Cotton irrigation
has been scheduled using precision irrigation smart sensor
arrays. Horticulture applications, like fruit harvesting and citrus
tree monitoring, have made use of RFID technology. An
electronic management system for vineyards has been
developed due to the importance of precision viticulture.
Additionally, RFID technology was incorporated into cotton
harvesting equipment on farms.
6
We can see from these contributions that real innovation
lies not only in the RFID technology itself but also in
integrating it to improve system operation and management
effectively. RFID technology is widely used in the agricultural
and environmental sectors because of its ability to identify and
track objects. In agriculture, RFID technology has a wide range
of applications. Hay bales can be marked with tags that record
the date it was harvested, the field it was harvested in, the
temperature, the weight, the moisture content, and the
nutritional data to be recorded and stored. Farmers who are busy
are interested in RFID’s potential benefits. Non-contact RFID
is used. It is easily integrated into an existing system, has a high
identification rate, mass memory, and secure access. With
specialized RFID tags and readers made for warm, muggy
environments, data collection in greenhouses is also possible.
Monitoring the supply chain for perishable foods and the
development of new applications in industries like
environmental monitoring, irrigation, specialty crops, and farm
equipment are both made possible by the use of RFID.
Regarding the environmental impact of manufacturing and
recycling products, RFID technology will play a critical role.
Waste management and recycling processes are the focus of
many RFID applications. An RFID system can be used to
identify radioactive waste, sort out waste that does not belong
in a landfill, or ensure that dangerous and non-dangerous
components are correctly recycled. RFID technology is widely
used in the environmental and agricultural fields. According to
Mark Roberti, RFID technology will be essential in assisting
businesses in assessing the environmental impact of producing
and recycling their goods. Many RFID applications currently
concentrate on waste management and recycling procedures. In
this situation, RFID can be used to identify radioactive waste,
sort out objects that don’t belong in a landfill, or even just to
make sure that dangerous and non-dangerous parts are recycled
safely. RFID is used in some cities to manage waste disposal by
weight, which motivates citizens to produce less waste overall.
These are uses for RFID that help to preserve the environment.
Fig. 9. An RFID-based solution for monitoring sprayer movement in an
orchard/vineyard (from reference [15]).
Using RFID to track waste by weight in some cities
encourages residents to reduce their waste volume. These are
examples of how RFID can be used to protect the natural world.
Aside from monitoring animal growth and food production,
grain tracking is an interesting use of RFID technology. Using
the proposed grain monitoring system improves food security
and the efficiency of the food chain. RFID tags have been added
to the tank. Whenever a single tag is needed to be dispensed,
the dispenser’s bottom door will open. The tag comprises a disc
connected to a rod at one end. A solution is inserted into the
rod’s other end. An electrical current of positive voltage causes
the dispensing door disc to open the bottom of the tank’s tags
tank, allowing one tag to be released. In contrast, pushing the
rod out of the solution with a negative current closes the
dispensing hole. It is possible to direct the removed tag into the
grain stream using a tag guide pipe [15].
F. Construction and Facilities Management
Component tracking, inventory management, and equipment
monitoring are just a few possible uses for an RFID technology
identified by the Construction Industry Institute in 2000.
E-License Plate, an electronic number plate that a computer
system can read, is one of the most common applications of
RFID in transportation. The ePlate is a pioneer in the field of
electronic vehicle identification.
Except for the integrated active RFID tags, most e-Plates
resemble standard number plates. E-Plates can also be found on
the windscreen, either in front or back. They use 868MHz or
915MHz frequencies and have long ranges. This system’s lowpower readers are powered by mains, battery, or solar energy,
while the active tag transmits vehicle ID regularly. An eplate
could replace the vehicle identification number (VIN) or
registration mark. Research shows that e-Plates can positively
identify vehicles with up to 99.98 percent accuracy and within
100 metres of the reader at any time, at any speed, individually
or in crowded traffic and in any weather with a guaranteed
lifespan of up to ten years, according to the results of the
experiments that were conducted. The e-Plate could be
impervious to theft to prevent it from being removed from
vehicles. In 1984, chassis carriers were equipped with RFID
tags that served as “licence plates” for the first time [8].
G. Security
It has been easier for hazardous materials to be tracked and
monitored by the US Department of Transportation’s hazardous
materials safety office. Regarding rail transportation, for
example, RFID systems are being used extensively. This
system uses RFID tags, also known as Automatic Equipment
Identification (AEI) tags, to store critical information on
hazardous material containers. A particular reader can access
this data from a distance from every freight railcar transporting
dangerous materials across the United States and Canada. To
verify the content of trains and identify freight cars carrying
specific cargo, railroads use the tag described above. This RFID
tracking application can provide inventory status, report
unauthorised control, and pinpoint item location, among other
things [9].
7
Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection at
the U.S.-Mexico and U.S.-Canada border crossings also uses
RFID technology. Vehicles equipped with an RFID transponder
and travellers with an I-94 permit with an RFID chip can cross
the US-Mexico border in a particular RFID-reader-only lane,
for example. When the new RFID monitoring system was put
into place at Manchester Airport in October 2006, it was the
first of its kind in the United Kingdom.
There are a lot of containers and goods at seaports, and the
area around the ports becomes a traffic hub with a lot of trucks
moving in and out of the ports. Many ports use RFID
transponders and “weight-in-motion” and weight detectors for
weigh station bypass to ensure the safety of truck drivers and
their cargo. RFID in-vehicle transponders are searched,
received, and queried by roadside readers, sending the
information to a computer at the weigh inspection station. An
electronic signal is sent back to the truck, indicating that the
system has been bypassed and the car can leave the dock area
once its height, weight, and driver credentials have been
verified.
The world’s largest tyre manufacturer, Michelin, has begun
using RFID tags to monitor tyre pressure and other parameters.
They integrate a temperature and pressure sensor and an RFID
transponder or passive RFID tag into their tyre products.
Mechanics with data readers can quickly determine whether or
not a tyre needs to be serviced or replaced. An RFID tag on each
truck’s bumper contains the low-pressure information
associated with the e-Tire ID for each tyre. An operator can use
this system to determine whether or not low pressure has been
detected by transmitting this data to a central data centre [10].
Fig. 10. Supply Chain in RFID (from reference [12]).
H. Others
Vehicle infrastructure integration, the automated vehicle
identification (AVI) system, and the intelligent transportation
system (ITS) are all examples of RFID applications in
transportation. There are 16 ITS subcategories, including
electronic payment and pricing, toll collection, a parking fee
payment system, etc., where RFID technology has been used
[11].
Fig. 11. Automatic Vechile Identification (from reference [11]).
Using automated systems, electronic toll collection (ETC)
can increase operational efficiency and convenience in the
collection of tolls. Readers in dedicated and mixed-use lanes at
toll plazas typically identify vehicle transponders. As a part of
the Central Texas Turnpike Program, the Texas Department of
Transportation (TxDOT) 2005 opted to use TransCore’s eGo
Plus RFID technology. Increasing capacity and reducing
congestion on the region’s toll roads are the primary goals of
this initiative. To prevent duplication, each tag has a unique tag
number [12]. The Las Vegas Airport’s “Automated Baggage
Handling Systems” is another example of a successful
transportation operation application. First, Delta Airlines is
testing RFID baggage handling in the United States. In today’s
airports, automated baggage handling systems play a critical
role. The baggage of passengers is tracked using a barcode
system [13].
By eliminating the requirement for manually identifying a
vehicle using secure UHF RFID tags or cards, automatic
vehicle identification (AVI) streamlines the Vehicle
Identification and Access Control process. Preinstalled
FASTag can also be supported by it. In addition to the fixed
reader with Gateway that reads tags placed on the vehicle and
authenticates in accordance with the permissions set in the
software, i-TEK also offers its IoT Based AVI solution.
Authorized system integrators (SI) can deliver the system to be
installed along with a fully prepared installation set and
installation instructions from i-TEK. In any weather, long-range
identification makes identification solutions secure, easy,
quick, reliable, and securely identifies vehicles and drivers.
Modern RFID solutions can completely change a store’s
economics, increasing sales and reducing expenses. There are a
number of benefits that have been proven to work, including a
25.0 percent increase in inventory accuracy, a 1.0 to 3.5 percent
increase in full-price sell-through due to better management and
fewer stockouts, a 10.0 to 15.0 percent decrease in labor hours
spent managing inventory, and a 1.5 percent revenue increase
from shrinkage and theft.
IV.
CONCLUSION
As one of the ten significant technologies of this century,
RFID significantly impacts future industries, such as the
transportation sector, which will benefit greatly. With a focus
8
on transportation, this paper reviews the literature on RFID
applications. It summarises a variety of subjects by drawing on
previously published research. It’s possible to find RFID
applications in transportation, such as identifying passengers
and cargo and ensuring their safety and security. Cost, policy,
and privacy issues have stifled the widespread use of RFID in
the transportation sector. RFID is one of the most disruptive
technologies of the future, and it will also significantly impact
the transportation industry. RFID-based technologies are
expected to improve transportation safety and security, increase
transportation system efficiency, and ultimately save money
and improve our lives.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Islam, T. Alam, 1. Yahya and M. Cho, “Flexible RadioFrequency
Identification (RFID) Tag Antenna for Sensor Applications”, Sensors, vol. 18,
no. 12, p. 4212, 2018. Available: 10.3390/s18124212.
[2] A. H. M. Alaidi, I. A. Aljazaery, H. TH. S. Alrikabi, I. N. Mahmood, and F.
T. Abed, “Design and Implementation of a Smart Traffic Light Management
System Controlled Wirelessly by Arduino,” International Journal of
Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), vol. 14, no. 07, p. 32, May 2020, doi:
10.3991/ijim.v14i07.12823
[3] S. Genovesi, F. Costa, M. Borgese, F. Dicandia, and G. Manara, “Chipless
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Sensor for Angular Rotation
Monitoring,” Technologies, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 61, Jun. 2018, doi:
10.3390/technologies6030061.
[4] G. Maramis and P. Rompas, “Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based
Employee Attendance Management System”, IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 306, p. 012045, 2018.
[5] B. Kurniawan, “Integrated Information System for Radio Frequency
Identification Based Administration and Academic Activities on Higher
Education”, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol.
407, p. 012097, 2018.
[6] E. Soegoto, V. Pamungkas and A. Herdiawan, “Designing Smart Parking
Application for Car Parking Space Arrangement”, IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 407, p. 012185, 2018.
[7] L.-H. Zhang, T. Li, and T.-J. Fan, “Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
adoption with inventory misplacement under retail competition,” European
Journal of Operational Research, vol. 270, no. 3, pp. 1028–1043, Nov. 2018,
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2018.04.038.
[8]L. Cui, Z. Zhang, N. Gao, Z. Meng, and Z. Li, “Radio Frequency
Identification and Sensing Techniques and Their Applications—A Review of
the State-of-the-Art,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 18, p. 4012, Sep. 2019, doi:
10.3390/s19184012.
[9] M. Haddara and A. Staaby, “RFID Applications and Adoptions in
Healthcare: A Review on Patient Safety,” Procedia Computer Science, vol.
138, pp. 80–88, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.012.
[10] Z. Md Yusof, M. Misiran, H. Sapiri, and M. Mahmuddin, “Structural
Equation Model on Factors Affecting Students Satisfaction towards University
Library: A Case Study,” Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2,
pp. 23–33, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.37231/myjas.2021.6.2.295..
[11] M. Haddara and A. Staaby, “Enhancing Patient Safety”, International
Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2020.
Available: 10.4018/ijrqeh.2020040101.
[12] A. Ali and M. Haseeb, “Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology
as a strategic tool towards higher performance of supply chain operations in
textile and apparel industry of Malaysia,” Uncertain Supply Chain
Management,
vol.
7,
no.
2,
pp.
215–226,
2019,
doi:
10.5267/j.uscm.2018.10.004.
[13] X. Hui and E. C. Kan, “Radio ranging with ultrahigh resolution using a
harmonic radio-frequency identification system,” Nature Electronics, vol. 2,
no. 3, pp. 125–131, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41928-019-0219-0.
[14] I. Dukovska-Popovska, M.K. Lim, K. Steger-Jensen and H.H. Hvolby,
“RFID Technology to Support Environmentally Sustainable Supply Chain
Management”, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on RFIDTechnology and Applications, 291-295 (2010).
[15] Y. Wong, P. Wu, D. Wong, D. Chan, L. Fung, and S. Leung (2006). RFI
assessment on the human safety of RFID system at Hong Kong International
Airport. In Proceeding of the IEEE 17th International Zurich Symp. on
Electromag. Compatibility, Feb. 27 – March 3, Singapore, 108-111.
[16] A. Luvisi et al., “RFID microchip internal implants: Effects on grapevine
histology,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 349–353, Apr. 2010, doi:
10.1016/j.scienta.2010.01.015.
[17] E. Abad et al., “RFID smart tag for traceability and cold chain monitoring
of foods: Demonstration in an intercontinental fresh fish logistic
chain,” Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 394–399, Aug. 2009,
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.02.004.
[18] C. Amador, J.P. Emond “Development of RFID temperature tracking
systems for combat feeding logistics” In XVIIthWorld Congress of the
International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR),
CSBE/SCGAB. Quebec City, Canada (2010).