1. READ the preliminary bibliography Instructions.
2. The topic I have chosen is THE STABILITY OF ANCIENT TOMBS IN EGYPT.
3. I have uploaded an abstract of an article and the citation.
4. In a word document do the following :
– write a brief paragraph introducing your topic.
– In the same word document you will copy and paste the citation I have already uploaded.
– Then, *list* 3 references, formatted properly and consistently (examples in the preliminary bibliography instructions ). The references you choose should include the article you plan to focus on for your project (which you will copy and paste as i said before) and 2 supplemental references (which you will look for).
Anth363
Preliminary Bibliography instructions
Due Monday, May 18th before 11:55p
15 points
Please review the Final Project Guidelines; these can be found in the “Syllabus and Schedule”
folder. A sample Final Project presentation is also posted in the Syllabus and Schedule folder.
For this week, you are required to submit a preliminary bibliography for your final project.
1. You should start with a brief paragraph introducing your topic.
2. Then, *list* 3 references, formatted properly and consistently (examples below). The
references you choose should include the article you plan to focus on for your project and
2 supplemental references.
Properly formatted references should include authors’ names, date of the publication, article title,
and the journal (publication) or volume where the article was published.
Journal article format example;
Jordecszka, M., H. Krolik, M. Masojc and R. Schild
2013 Hunter-Gatherer Cattle Keepers of Early Neolithic El Adam Type from Nabta Playa: Latest
Discoveries from Site E-06-1. African Archaeology Review, vol. 30, pp. 253-284.
Book format example;
Wilkinson, T.
1999 Early Dynastic Egypt. London: Routledge Press
Do not copy and paste URL’s without providing proper bibliographic information. Points will be
deducted.
For further information, check the library guides for searching for references, or go to the
reference desk in the library and ask for help.
http://guides.library.pdx.edu/c.php?g=265596&p=1775707
https://d2l.pdx.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=712595&type=content&rcode=Portland_prod-1750530
http://guides.library.pdx.edu/c.php?g=265596&p=1775707
Abstract
The conservation of the tomb of Nefertari (No. 66, Valley of the Queens, Egypt) has attracted international concern for many years. However, previous assessments of the stability of this complex physicochemical system have been neither comprehensive in content nor unanimous in conclusions. Here, using available photographic and diagrammatic documentation from 1904, 1921, 1942, 1971 and 1987, these assessments are examined and mechanisms of deterioration are explored. It has been found that although some paint and plaster loss had occurred in the tomb of Nefertari prior to its discovery in 1904, additional large losses appeared between 1904 and 1971. Degradation in the upper tomb levels is less extensive than in the lower tomb levels. In the tomb as a whole, loss of large areas of both paint and plaster strata has slowed at least since 1971 and probably earlier. However, paint layer deterioration in the form of flaking has been continuous even when the tomb was closed. The pattern and physical characteristics of loss have shown that there are five interacting factors which underlie the deterioration of the tomb of Nefertari. Two intermittent but catastrophic factors operate over a short period of time: direct entry of flood-waters and the capillary absorption of trapped flood-waters into the tomb walls. Flood-waters cause immediate mechanical losses and absorbed waters induce morphological changes in the wall paintings. Absorbed waters contribute to the slower action of a third deterioration factor, sodium chloride. Salt and water movement and the eventual deposition of salt as micro- and macrocrystals throughout the painting substrate and surfaces undermine their structural stability. The chemical dehydration and associated instability of the tomb plaster is a fourth factor. This dehydration is suspected to be primarily the result of a very dry pre- or post-flood environment within the tomb. The mechanical damage caused by salt crystal growth in the friable plasters is one way that sodium chloride interacts with the plaster. Sodium chloride is suspected also to have accelerated the process of loss of chemically-bound water. The tomb materials, salt and water interact in another, previously unrecognized, slow process which is responsible for some paint flaking. This flaking is consistent with the interaction of the painted layer with a fifth factor: air humidity and its fluctuations. A four-stage, long-term conservation scheme is suggested in this paper. It involves the climatic and physical isolation of the original, the consolidation of the walls, and the construction of a replica tomb.
Wilson-Yang, K. M., and George Burns. “The Stability of the Tomb of Nefertari 1904-1987.” Studies in Conservation, vol. 34, no. 4, 1989, pp. 153–170. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1506283. Accessed 14 May 2020.
Surname 1
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
The Stability of Ancient Tombs in Egypt
A tomb is a sealed-off space where the remains of a dead person are kept. In ancient times, tombs were located underground or in caves. Some tombs were spacious, and the bodies would be placed together with the belongings of the deceased (Barta 178). As a way of paying respects to the dead, the tombs would be decorated according to the wishes of the deceased. The most extravagant tombs were those built by Egyptians for their pharaohs. The tombs were made from dried bricks that would then be used to support chambers and shafts dug from the ground (El-Fouly 85). The tombs were massive and accommodated a number of people for ceremonies that honoured the deceased. The statue of the dead would be placed in an adjoining room, where the spirits were believed to watch and enjoy the ceremonies. Egyptian tombs have been preserved for more than two thousand years, with one of the examples being the tomb of Nefertari (Wilson-Yang 154). Ancient tombs of Egypt have remained stable and intact with the help of preserving methods done by scientists.
in the brief paragraph about the topic… you quoted a few things from the sources… that is not what i am looking for..
What i need you to correct is the pargraph: -first I want you to explain the topic … Are these tonbs stable and IF so what makes them stable and IF NOT what does not make them stable … Why and how and what Factors play a role in this.
Works Cited
Bárta, Miroslav. “Location of the Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15.2 (2005): 177-191.
El-Fouly, Adel. “Voids investigation at Gabbari Tombs, Alexandria, Egypt, using ground penetrating radar technique.” Proceedings of ICEHM2000, Cairo University, Egypt (2000): 84-90.
Wilson-Yang, K. M., and George Burns. “The Stability of the Tomb of Nefertari 1904-1987.” Studies in Conservation, vol. 34, no. 4, 1989, pp. 153–170. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1506283. Accessed 14 May 2020.