The student will select a specific traumatology topic delimited by a traumatic event (e.g. disaster, violence, combat, sexual assault, etc.), a trauma-related diagnosis (e.g. acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder), or a specific trauma treatment. He or she will prepare a scholarly presentation in PowerPoint intended for an audience of emerging trauma counselors. If appropriate to the topic, an overview with definitions, incidence rates, types (of perpetrators/victims as relevant), harm or danger involved, possible spiritual factors, symptoms, assessment, diagnosis and treatment options should be included. An integrated biblical perspective on the topic must be provided.
Reference should be made in the presentation to at least ten scholarly articles published within the last ten years, in addition to any textbooks, the Bible, and professional or popular sources. The presentation must include at least 40 slides (not including bibliography slides), and these should be on a visually appealing background with appropriate amounts of text and include illustrations in the form of cartoons, drawings, charts, graphs, pictures, film clips, etc. on each slide. Cite all sources, including websites, in APA format on the slides (in text or footnotes), as well as compiled on the last few slides
The student will select a specific traumatology topic delimited by a traumatic event (e.g. disaster, violence, combat, sexual assault, etc.), a trauma-related diagnosis (e.g. acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder), or a specific trauma treatment. He or she will prepare a scholarly presentation in PowerPoint intended for an audience of emerging trauma counselors. If appropriate to the topic, an overview with definitions, incidence rates, types (of perpetrators/victims as relevant), harm or danger involved, possible spiritual factors, symptoms, assessment, diagnosis and treatment options should be included. An integrated biblical perspective on the topic must be provided.
Reference should be made in the presentation to at least ten scholarly articles published within the last ten years, in addition to any textbooks, the Bible, and professional or popular sources. The presentation must include at least 40 slides (not including bibliography slides), and these should be on a visually appealing background with appropriate amounts of text and include illustrations in the form of cartoons, drawings, charts, graphs, pictures, film clips, etc. on each slide. Cite all sources, including websites, in APA format on the slides (in text or footnotes), as well as compiled on the last few slides
TRMA 810
TRMA 810 Powerpoint Grading Rubric
Criteria |
Advanced (A- to A) Satisfies criteria w/ excellence |
Proficient (B- to B+) Satisfies Most Criteria |
Developing (C- to C+) Satisfies Criteria Incompletely |
Below Expectations (F to D+) Does not satisfy criteria |
Not Present |
Points Earned |
Content: 70% (105 pts) |
94-105 pts. |
83-93 pts. |
75-82 pts. |
1-74 pts. |
0 pts. |
|
Content |
69-75 pts Content is accurate and information is presented in a logical order. |
63-68 pts Content is accurate but some information is not presented in a logical order, but is still generally easy to follow. |
45-62 pts. Content is questionable and information is not presented in a logical order, making it difficult to follow. |
1-44 pts. Content is inaccurate and information is not presented in a logical order, making it difficult to follow. |
||
Pictures, Clip Art, Background |
13-15 pts. · Images are appropriate, varied and attractive.. · Layout of images is attractive. |
10-12 pts. · Images are appropriate. · Layout is cluttered |
7-9 pts. Images are inappropriate, repeated, or unattractive |
1-6 pts. No images. |
||
Biblical Integration |
13-15 pts. Biblical application (verses / passages) is integrated into text with relevance clarified. |
10-12 pts. Biblical application (verses/passages) is integrated into text. |
7-9 pts.
Biblical application (verses/passages) is present but not properly integrated. |
1-6 pts.
Biblical terms/ verses/passages are not present and/or referenced. |
||
Structure: 30% = 45 points |
||||||
Organization |
13-15 pts. · The assignment has appropriate headings and organizational clarity. · The required minimum of 40 slides is attained. |
10-12 pts.
· The assignment most headings but slightly lacking in organizational clarity. · There are between 35 and 40 slides. |
7-9 pts.
· The assignment has incorrect headings and lacks organizational clarity. · There are between 25 and 35 slides. |
1-6 pts.
· The assignment has no headings and lacks organizational clarity. · There are fewer than 25 slides. |
||
References & APA |
13-15 pts.
· The assignment reflects correct APA form · The required number of references is present · All references exhibit correct APA form |
10-12 pts.
· The assignment reflects minor APA form errors · The required number of references is present · Several minor issues in references |
7-9 pts.
· The assignment reflects major APA form errors · The required number of references is not present · Quite a few issues in references |
1-6 pts. · The assignment reflects major APA form errors · The required number of references is not present · Major problems with APA in references |
||
Mechanics |
13-15 pts.
· The assignment is without spelling and grammar related errors · The assignment reflects a graduate level construction (voice and vocabulary). |
10-12 pts.
· The assignment contains very few spelling and grammar related errors · The assignment reflects a general graduate level construction (voice and vocabulary). |
7-9 pts.
· The assignment contains spelling and grammar related errors · The assignment reflects an inconsistent graduate level construction (voice and vocabulary). |
1-6 pts.
· The assignment contains numerous spelling and grammar related errors · The assignment does not reflect a graduate level construction (voice and vocabulary). |
0 pts |
|
Total |
||||||
Instructor’s Comments:
D I S M A N T L I N G T H E M Y T H S
PROSTITUTION
WHAT IS PROSTITUTION?
•
Prostitution
: sex for money, drugs, and
housing or any other compensation
• Workers in the sex trade
Retrieved at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/12/sex-trade-study_n_4951891.html
PROSTITUTION & TRAUMA
How does Prostitution
relate to trauma?
• Trauma: direct exposure
to death, threatened
death, actual or
threatened, serious injury,
or actual or threatened
sexual violence (DSM-5)
Retrieved from
http://www.centura.org/trauma-network/
SEX TRADE
What constitutes
the sex trade?
• Street-prostitution
• Brothels
• Massage Parlors
• Escort Services
• Strip Clubs
• Pornography
(Farley, et al., 2003)
H T T P S : / / W W W . Y O U T U B E . C O M / W A T C H ? V = J V D 3 T J J A F 3 C
PRETTY WOMAN TRAILER
PROMINENT MYTHS OF PROSTITUTION
•Prostitution is…
• A choice
• A reasonable
vocation
• Safe, if regulated
• Sexually Fulfilling
• Empowering
Both retrieved from
http://www.sexworkeurope
.org/users/turnoffthebluelig
ht
UNDERSTANDING CHOICE
• History of Sexual Abuse
• 70 to 80 involved in the sex trade have a
childhood history of sexual abuse.
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013; Surratt, Kurtz, Chen, & Mooss, 2012; Taylor,
2011; Roe-Sepowitz, Hickle, Cimno, 2012).
• Greater risk of a myriad of physical, emotional,
and mental ailments in the future (Igelman, et al., 2007)
• Victimization-revictimization cycle
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013; Surratt, Kurtz, Chen, & Mooss, 2012; Taylor,
2011; Fitzpatrick, et. al, 2010)
Retrieved from https://castinglargeshadows.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/bewellandlive
UNDERSTANDING CHOICE
• Financial Concerns:
• Often no alternate
source of income (Roxburgh,
Degenhardt, & Copeland, 2006)
• “Easy” and only way to
make big money (Strega,
Casey, & Rutman, 2009; Roe-Sepowitz, Hickle,
Cimno, 2012)
Copyright © Unitewomen.org – Equality for All.
UNDERSTANDING CHOICE
• Social/Financial Paradox
(Nolot, 2014; Jackson, Bennett, & Sowinski, 2007).
• Family pressure to provide/Guilt and Shame
• Children of their own/Unfit to Parents
Stolen AwayCopyright © 1995. Soon-Duk Kim. All Rights Reserved.
© P R O S T I T U T I O N R E S E A R C H & E D U C A T I O N , S A N F R A N C I S C O 2 0 0 8
W W W . P R O S T I T U T I O N R E S E A R C H . C O M
PROSTITUTION’S HIERARCHY OF COERCION
UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
• Physical Harm
• Physical violence is
commonplace within
the dynamics between
pimps, johns, and the
sex worker. (Hom & Woods, 2013; RoeSepowitz,
Hickle, Cimno, 2012; Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)
• In study across 9
countries: (Farly, et al, 2003)
• 71% Physically Assaulted
• 63 % Raped
• Mortality Rate 40% Higher
than the national average
(Prostitution Research and Education)
The Wolves. Mural Copyright 2013. Tanya Wischerath.
UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
• Physical Harm (cont.)
• Increased risk of STIs
• In a study of sex workers in
Miami, researchers found that
the violent victimization and
severe mental health issues
faced by those in the trade
only further increase the risk of
contracting HIV (Surratt, Kurtz, Chen, &
Mooss, 2012)
UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
• Physical Harm (cont.)
• Pregnancy
• The unprotected sex will lead to a higher
chance of pregnancy.
• Abortion
• Often women in the trade, especially if
under the control of a pimp will also be
coerced into receiving an abortion,
which has the potential to have a
dramatic impact on the woman.
(Hom & Woods, 2013)
UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
• Substance Abuse
• Research indicates
anywhere from 60-
85% of sex workers
identify substance
addiction as a
problem (Farley, Lynne, & Cotton,
2005; Ward & Day, 2006)
• Vicious cycle (Strega, Casey, &
Rutman, 2009; Taylor, 2011)
Self-
Medication
Money for
Substance
Prostitution
UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
“Social
Support”
• No healthy
social/familial
(Jackson, Bennett, & Sowinski,
2007)
• Pimp/sex worker
community
might be only
source of social
support (Hom & Woods,
2013; Jackson, Bennett, &
Sowinski, 2007)
Woman in Greek Prostitution. Photo by Angelos Tzortzinis Copyright © 2013
N E F A R I O U S : M E R C H A N T O F S O U L S
NEFARIOUS
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health Concerns:
• 68% of sex workers met PTSD
criteria
• Trauma related disorders
include:
• post-traumatic stress disorder,
• dissociative disorder,
• intense anxiety or a mood disorder,
• and further resulting often in
multiple other mental health and
general stability issues
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013)
(Farley, et al. 2003)
Retrieved from
http://vvnw.org/home/images/PTSD_Pag
es/ptsd_brain
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health Concerns
(cont.):
• Additionally, the population of sex
workers has been found to portray a
higher concentration of serious
mental illness, often linked to
occurrences of intimate partner
violence and childhood sexual
abuse.
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013)
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health
Concerns (cont.):
• Suicidality:
• Research indicates that
suicidal thoughts,
ideation, and planning
will increase after a
traumatic event (Krysinka,
Lester, & Martin, 2009).
• Those with PTSD
symptoms were found
almost 15 times more
likely to attempt suicide
than those without
PTSD (Jackson, Bennett, & Sowinski,
2007).
Retrieved from https://henryehooper.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/ptsd-cover
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health Concerns (cont.):
• Suicidality:
• The chances only increase as co-occurrence of
other disorders and substance abuse problems
begin to factor in (Jackson, Bennett, & Sowinski, 2007).
• Hom and Woods also report that first-line service
providers to those taken out of trafficking indicate
depression and a deep despair that can be
accompanied by suicidal ideations; this is further
darkened by the shame and guilt associated with
sexual assault and victimization (2013).
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Current Research:
• Substantial research in the
area of
treatment
for sex
workers is still needed!
• Two major themes in
current research:
• Working through past
traumatic experiences
• Cultivating new and healthy
relationships
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)
Retrieved from https://philadelphiabookgallery.files.wordpress.com
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
Other Treatment
Considerations:
• Co-occurring disorders
• Substance abuse
• Problems with parenting
• Perception and stigma of
prostitution
• Job training
• Revictimization
• Trauma symptoms
• Shelter
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Taylor, 2011)
“Skirt of
Sacrifice”2000PastelArtist:
Autumn BurrisCopyright ©
2000. Autumn Burris.
WHAT TO REMEMBER
• Current Research
(cont.)
• Holistic Treatment
Options
• Physical
• Mental
• Emotional
• Spiritual needs
(Hom & Woods, 2013)
Retrieved from www.richs.com
WHAT TO REMEMBER
• Current Research
(cont.)
• The importance of
• validating the
individual,
• helping foster a sense
of autonomy,
• remaining full of grace
and patience,
• and recognizing and
responding to the full
effect of the trauma
on the survivor.
(Hom & Woods, 2013)
Retrieved from Pinterest. Original Source Unknown.
COUNSELING THEORIES
• Current Research (cont.)
• Trauma-based Treatment
• Empirically-Based
Treatment for PTSD (Taylor, 2011)
• Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy
• Desensitization and
reprocessing
• Exposure Therapy
COUNSELING THEORIES
• Feminist Therapy
• Revolves around the idea of
societal oppression of women
• Acutely addresses violence
against women and
empowers them to
understand their worth and
value separate from what
they have been told by the
men in their lives or culture as
a whole
(Murdock, 2013; Cleman, 2005)
Retrieved from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2015/05/Feminism
COUNSELING THEORIES
• Additional positive aspects of
feminist theory include focus on:
• Personal strengths,
• Collaboration between the
professional and the client,
affirmation of the unique perspective
of a woman, expansion of alternative
life choices,
• And promotion of healthy, mutually
beneficial female relationships.
(Murdock, 2013; Cleman, 2005)
P R O V I D E D B Y A Z I Z A N S A R I
QUICK COMIC RELIEF MOMENT
GROUP THERAPY
• Research Support for Group Work, as it:
• encourages mutual aid,
• dispels myths about sex work and abuse,
• validates emotions,
• empowers individuals to take control of their lives
• allows for a safe and stable environment to foster
community and speak freely.
(Clemans, 2005; Hickle & Roe-Sepowitz, 2014; Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009;
Velazco, 2011; Roe-Sepowitz, Hickle, & Cimno, 2012)
GROUP THERAPY
• Other group
considerations:
• Psychoeducational:
• Debunk myths
• Provide instruction
• Redirect with healthy
guidance
(Clemans, 2005; Hickle & Roe-Sepowitz, 2014; Ward
& Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)Retrieved from http://www.psychotherapist.org/cegrpdrawing_bf8.gif
GROUP THERAPY
• Other group considerations
(cont.):
• Facilitator should demonstrate a
spirit of positivity and consistency
with her group members
• Co-facilitator who has walked
through the sex work path can
• be helpful in building rapport,
• modeling healthy behavior
changes,
• and bringing an extra level of
authenticity to the group dynamic
(Clemans, 2005; Hickle & Roe-Sepowitz, 2014; Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)
PROSTITUTION EXITING PROGRAMS
Esuba
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)
• Currently incarcerated
prostitutes
• “Psychoeducational
therapy group
designed to heighten
awareness of abuse
and violence while
teaching anger
management and
communication skills”
SWAT
(Strega, Casey, & Rutman, 2009)
• Inpatient program
• Peer-based model
for sex workers
Substance abuse
treatment programs
• Psychoeducational
workshops (health,
legal and safety
issue)
• Therapeutic
treatment
EXAMPLE: THISTLE FARMS
• Residential
Program/Social
Enterprise
• Therapy
• Medical Care
• Free Education
• Job Training
Retrieved from thistlefarms.org
BIBLE AND PROSTITUTION
• Notable Prostitutes
in the Bible
• Rahab (Joshua 2)
• Gomer (Hosea)
• Proverbs’ warning
against harlots
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahab
Retrieved from
https://nikkipruitt182.wordpress.c
om/2013/10/31/why-did-hosea-
marry-a-prostitute/
JESUS AND PROSTITUTES
• Luke 7: 36-50
• A Sinful Woman Forgiven
• “for she loved much”
“For She Loved Much” Art & Photo by Tia Poissant
REFERENCES
• Antonopoulou, C. (2006). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of sex-related trafficking. Inernational
Psychology Bulletin, 10 (4), 32-37. Profiles of adult survivors of severe sexual, physical and emotional institutional abuse in
Ireland. Child Abuse Review, 19, 387-404.
• Fitzpatrick, M., Carr, A., Dooley, B., Flanagan-Howard, R., Flanagan, E., Tierney, K., White, M., Daly, M., Shevlin, M., & Egan, J.
(2010). Profiles of adult surviviors of severe sexual, physical, and emotional institutional abuse in Ireland. Child Abuse Review,
19: 384-404.
• Hom, K., & Woods, S. (2013). Trauma and its aftermath for commercially sexually exploited women as told by front-line service
providers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 75-81.
• Igelman, R., Taylor, N., Gilbert, A., Ryan, B., Steinberg, A., Wilson, C., & Mann, G. (2007). Creating more trauma-informed
services for children using assessment-focused tools. Child Welfare, 86(5), 15-33.
• International Labor Office. (2009). The cost of coercion. Geneva, Switzerland.
• Jackson, L., Bennett, C., & Sowinski, B. (2007). Stress in the sex trade and beyond: Women working in the sex trade talk about
emotional stressors in their working and home lives. Critical Public Health, 17(3) 257-271.
• Krysinska, K., Lester, D., & Martin, G. (2009). Suicidal behavior after a traumatic event. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 16(2), 103-
110.
• Maddox, T. (2011). Modern-day slavery: A problem that can’t be ignored. The CNN Freedom Project. Retrieved from
http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/04/modern-day-slavery-a-problem-that-cant-be-ignored/
• Nolot, B. (Producer & Director). (2014). Nefarious: Merchant of Souls. (Documentary). United States of America: Exodus Cry.
• Roe-Sepowitz, D., Hickle, K., Cimno, A. (2012). The impact of abuse history and trauma symptoms on successful completion of
a prostitution-exiting program. Journal of Human Behavior on the Social Environment, 22, 65-77.
• Roxburgh, A., Degenhardt, L., & Copeland, J. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder among female street-based sex workers in
the greater Sydney area. Australia. BMC Psychiatry, 624-12.
• Strega, S., Casey, L., & Rutman, D. (2009). Sex workers addressing treatment. Women’s Health & Urban Life, 8(1), 42-53.
• Surratt, H., Kurtz, S., Chen, M., & Moss, A. (2012). HIV risk among female sex workers in Miami: The impact of violent
victimization and untreated mental illness. AIDS Care, 24 (5), 553-561.
• Taylor, O. (2011). The sexual victimization of women: Substance abuse, HIV, prostitution, and intimate partner violence as
underlying correlates. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 21, 834-848.
• Ward, A., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of a trauma-oriented approach to treating prostituted
women in a prison and a community exiting program. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 18, 293-312.