NEED CORRECTIONS MADE TO THIS PAPER. I ATTACHED 3 PAPERS. THE FIRST TWO WILL ASSIST YOU IN MAKING THE CORRECTIONS NEEDED. ALSO I ENCLOSED MY INSTRUCTORS FEEDBACK HERE AS WELL
INSTRUCTIONS
Create and record a slide presentation with accompanying verbal narration, which comprises a comprehensive synthesis of your research and recommendations concerning ethical and cultural considerations of a case study and a research-based plan to resolve the case.
The ability to organize and effectively present information is essential for securing employment and for effective performance as a professional. Fundamental skills include both appropriate verbal communication and visual design using presentation software to convey content to an intended audience.
Create and record a slide presentation with accompanying verbal narration, which comprises a comprehensive synthesis of your research and recommendations concerning ethical and cultural considerations of a case study and a research-based plan to resolve the case.
While examining your previous assessments and making decisions about the essential information that will be presented, it is recommended that you begin by creating an outline and comparing it to the Comprehensive Case Presentation Scoring Guide to ensure you have specifically taken into account and addressed all of the grading criteria in detail.
Slideshow Instructions
You may use PowerPoint to create this slideshow, or if you wish, you may use Prezi or some other option. However, PowerPoint is best supported by the resources provided. You are responsible for making your presentation work.
For each assessment you have written in the course thus far, create 8–10 slides that provide a high-level explanation or summary. In other words, you should create a minimum of 24 slides, plus a title slide, introduction slide, conclusion slide, and references slide. Use a clear and concise structure.
- Title slide: On the first slide, enter:
A brief title of the presentation. Your name.
Course number and title.
Capella University.
FlexPath instructor’s name. - Introduction slides: Provide a brief introduction to your presentation. Describe what you will be discussing in your presentation.
- Content slides: Provide a high-level overview of the salient points from Assessments 1–3.
- Conclusion slides: Briefly summarize your presentation. Provide a concise summary about the topics addressed.
- Reference slides: List all references cited in your presentation.
All slides should include presenter notes (a minimum of three paragraphs) of what you will say for each slide. You may use information directly from your previous assessments when writing presenter notes. However, entries should be edited so that they are written as if you are speaking to an audience or a potential employer, for example. You can utilize the presenter notes when recording the audio piece of the presentation.
Voice-Over Instructions
Your presentation should include a comprehensive audio voice-over presenting essential information for each slide. Elements of good verbal delivery include:
- Appropriate volume and clear pronunciation.
- Avoidance of audible fidgeting and distracting interjections.
- Variety of intonation and pacing and appropriate use of pauses.
Important: Before you record your presentation, it is recommended that you allow ample time to practice your presentation until you are comfortable with these elements.
Note: If you require the use of assistive technology or alternative communication methods to participate in these activities, please contact Disability Services to request accommodations.
MY INSTRUCTORS FEEDBACK ON THIS ASSIGNMENT
Thank you for submitting your unit 4 presentation. You did not include and present all of the information from your first 3 assessments.
Directions state, for each assessment you have written in the course thus far, create 8–10 slides that provide a high-level explanation or summary. In other words, you should create a minimum of 24 slides, plus a title slide, introduction slides, conclusion slides, and references slides. You included 8 slides plus title and reference, introduction, and conclusion slides. You need to fully develop your work to show your understanding and to meet all of the requirements.
Directions state “All slides should include presenter notes (a minimum of three paragraphs) of what you will say for each slide. You may use information directly from your previous assessments when writing presenter notes. However, entries should be edited so that they are written as if you are speaking to an audience or a potential employer, for example. You can utilize the presenter notes when recording the audio piece of the presentation.” You need to include presenter’s notes at least 3 paragraphs per slide.
You did not follow APA formatting rules. Continue to work on APA formatting – this is an important part of scholarly writing in the field of psychology – it gives you the author credibility. I recommend reviewing the 6th Edition of the APA Manual as well. Thank you for your hard work and best wishes to you as you continue on in our program and beyond!!
Cheers!
Dr. Gilston
Running head: MANAGING DRUG ADDICTION USING PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
12
Managing Drug Addiction using Psychological theories
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
Introduction
According to the new definition of the American Society for the Treatment of Addiction, addiction is a chronic brain disease
.
This applies not only to alcohol and drugs, but also to gambling or uncontrolled absorption of food, doctors say, so the treatment of addiction, like any chronic disease, takes a lot of time. Behavioral problems are a consequence of a brain disorder. And brain pathology persists for many more years after a person stops using drugs. A complex interaction of emotional, cognitive and behavioral patterns takes place in the brain (Moos 2006). Genetics has an impact on this process (people who experimented with drugs during adolescence or took strong painkillers after injuries are more addicted), age (the frontal lobes, which help to end unhealthy behavior, ripen among the latter, therefore it is more difficult for adolescents to cope with addiction) as well as the fact that you use alcohol or drugs to counter stress. As a result of exposure to dopamine in the hypothalamus, a connection is established between taking something and getting pleasure, which persists even when the use of these substances no longer brings pleasure due to addiction. Understanding how different theories approach drug addiction, it would be possible to develop an effective action plan. It is the goal of this paper to evaluate different theories that focus on the drug addiction and then use the concepts and principles focused to develop an action plan for a drug addict.
Case Issues
Drugs are substances that primarily act on the nervous system, causing false states of fun, complacency, pleasant calm, or vice versa excitement. Sometimes illusions and hallucinations, narcotic sleep, sometimes poisoning may appear. With frequent repetition of the reception, the need becomes unlimited and control is lost over it. As a result, in case of cancellation of the reception, a state of withdrawal occurs as a result of the absence of the usual poison in the body. This is accompanied by instability in mood, irritability, apathy, fears, pains throughout the body and a decrease in mental abilities. Addiction is such a state of life when a person, instead of becoming interested in the world, begins to be interested only in the drug, the need to use it, his craving for it, the sensations that he gives birth to, and so on. Attachment to a drug, to a single tiny particle of our vast world, is gradually building a wall between man and the whole world. This isolating attachment is a deadly disease with social, physiological and genetic background (Arria & McLellan 2012).
The mental state of many drug addicts today is nostalgia for their own lost soul, a dreary fear of the emptiness of their own lives with lost faith, with lost hope, with the effort of spiritual resurrection. They need to learn to live without drugs and life has provided such a chance. Mankind has driven itself into a dead end, but it is necessary to have faith that, perhaps, it will be possible to get out of it. When meeting with such phenomena, it becomes clear that this is a hard-won dependence. Ability to manage the cases of drug addiction could be a big breakthrough to many drug addicts who have almost lost touch with reality due to drugs.
Theoretical Framework
A number of theories have been formulated to help explain how different elements predispose one to drug addiction. Some of the theories would be discussed below
Gestalt theory
Perls’ classical Gestalt theory is also based on the concepts of holism. Holism is a synergistic concept; she claims that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Someone may represent a certain behavior or symptom, but this only becomes meaningful when viewed in the context of an entire individual. In the holistic approach to therapy, attention is focused on various aspects of the personality that manifest themselves (actualize) (Fletcher 2013). Instead of concentrating solely on one aspect, the point of view of holism considers the whole person. Central to holism are the ongoing dynamic processes that are present in the “action”, the act of creation. Only past experience and behavior cannot determine or dictate future action. Thus, the personality is not determined only by past actions or by its history. In Gestalt psychology, the central concept is experience. A person can know only what she knows. Thus, the Gestalt approach does not have absolute and definite knowledge. Knowledge for the most part is relative. A phenomenon (phenomenon) is something that appears in our consciousness. For instance: imagination, dreams, consideration, that is, a personal perception of reality. The central problem of this orientation is the ability to develop methods that describe phenomena as they really are. At the same time, it is necessary that everyone approaches the phenomenon with a completely open consciousness and without prejudice (Kovac, 2013).
Medical theories
Proponents of the somatic medical model relate to alcohol or drug dependence (or a combined dependence on both substances) from a physiological point of view. It is believed that in most cases, constitutionally (organically) – a determined predisposition exists even before the use of substances. This model provides the basis for treatment methods that focus on physical problems, such as cirrhosis of the liver or neuralgic disorders. In accordance with this approach, drugs are implanted (such as Torpedo, Esperal) (Fletcher 2013).
The psychiatric model. Proponents of this model have the following argument – dependence should be considered as a symptom of a “hidden” psychiatric disorder. Once this disorder is identified and treated, addiction can be eliminated. But gestalt therapy should not focus solely on this one aspect, because it is too restrictive and artificial. In the practical application of this model, when the patient is often treated by psychotherapists with a psychoanalytic orientation, harmful ideas are often fixed, for example, that oral fixation or latent homosexuality can cause disturbances. These concepts are quite tough and come into conflict with the principles of gestalt therapy, which works only with existing phenomena and believes that each person shapes his life, making basic choices (determining your path). Van Inen, describes in his book a number of practical obstacles in the method of treatment of psychotherapy with a psychoanalytic orientation, including the inability of the client to keep promises or coming to therapeutic treatment in a drug or alcohol state. Gestalt’s philosophical principles provide a more significant basis for treatment: both the patient and the therapist need to make them responsible for their own lives, for their own actions (Felice & Kouimtsidis 2012).
The primary objection to the analytical model is that it allows the patient to hide behind his illness. The result of this is that he feels helpless in the face of her. Gestalt therapy has developed many interventions, often borrowed from philosophy, to modify or eliminate the phenomenon of biased responsibility, weakened self-support and dependence. This includes awareness training, which focuses on how everyone applies the language, organizes their life, realizing the true needs, and experimenting to test hypothetical assumptions.
According to Letner, therapy should not consist only of finding the best ways of existence. We must also free ourselves from the old gestalt (stereotypical, habitual ineffective methods of solving problems, behavior). They are the cause of most of the anxieties we experience. This process of liberation allows the use of energy that was previously absorbed by the so-called violation in the direction of healing oneself (Fletcher 2013).
Behavioral Therapy Model.
For proponents of this model, alcohol or drug addiction is seen as an acquired, destructive, solitary behavior system, or as a complex of behavior systems. There are two elements of this model: behavior therapy is an approach and a set of techniques; Behavior therapy applies experimentally validated teaching principles in clinical practice. This model is the only one that contradicts Gestalt’s view of the human body. It focuses on behavior: intrapsychic functioning is rejected. It is believed that without clinical intervention, the patient cannot take responsibility for his actions, and thus change in his relationship with others. Further, in the clinical setting, the patient can learn to take responsibility, only by applying a system of punishments and rewards as a result of applying scientifically-researched methods. This is diametrically opposed to the Gestalt approach, in which the therapist helps the patient learn himself (Fletcher 2013).
Microsocial model. This model examines the addiction or abuse of alcohol or drugs as a symptom of a disturbance in interpersonal relationships. Thus, a violation exists in the relationship between individuals, and not only on the part of one of the participants. Applying this orientation, the patient is given the opportunity to redesign his behavior in order to develop a more positive relationship. The violation of relationships, from the point of view of Gestalt, can be defined as a violation of the contact boundary, occurring in the person (ego) or in his environment. Van Praag cites Perls’ agreement with the description of field theory in his work, i.e. the study and prediction of behavior begins with the study of the complete situation in which the behavior appears. Only subsequently can the components determining behavior be separated from those, which are inside a person or in his environment. Thus, systemic therapy and gestalt therapy can happily coexist as long as they respect everyone’s principles (Kovac, 2013).
Macro-social model. In this model, as a socio-critical model, they accuse that the huge increase in alcohol abuse and drug addiction is determined by the strong stresses of modern society. They turn to politics for a solution. This approach does not comply with the principles of Gestalt philosophy: Lupens Meyer points out that in today’s society, in order for the patient to move from a position of helplessness to strength, the therapist must teach not only integrity, but also the ability to develop and use his own behavior strategy. This must be done in such a way as to engage the cognitive activity of the patients with whom they are working, so that they can recognize the impact of the social system in which they are located and make their choice. For example, when truth is needed (truthfulness, openness) and when in reality a lie can be the only way to preserve one’s integrity (Craske, 2010).
Reception Model. This model considers patients as close people who deviate from social norms, but its deviation, nevertheless, may be acceptable. This approach also defines the human model and finds practical application in attempts to help welcome family members into their home environment. All Gestalt philosophy principles can be used for this model. Those therapists who work primarily from this point connect the patient with the environment that exists, without insisting or changing it. This attitude is known for motivating a number of people to enter the process of change. This attitude, however, does not include (does not imply) uncritical perceptions of any kind of behavior. If the patient goes beyond the limits established by the therapist, then naturally he experiences all the ensuing consequences.
Related research
A number of studies that have been conducted have demonstrated the validity of different theories mentioned above. A study by Bentley (2007), for example, demonstrated how imbalance between internal and external environment could increase the chance of one developing drug addiction behaviors. The study reveals that the reason for substance abuse is if a person is unable to maintain their inner life and external behavior. Moos (2003), on the other hand, demonstrate how social context could contribute to drug addiction. He revealed that social context serves as both a risk factor and protective factor for substance use, playing an important role in addiction’s initiation. The same argument was echoed by Longabaugh et al (1993). On the same vein, Bauman and Ennet (1996) revealed how peers could increase the chances of a person engaging in drug especially if the peers are drug users.
Action plan
Step 1: Treatment and detoxification.
Detoxification is the first step to treatment. Due to the fact that severe withdrawal symptoms (symptoms) of alcohol or drug addiction may occur, the doctor should discuss with the patient the question of which treatment is preferable – inpatient or outpatient.
Step 2: Strengthening awareness
Strengthening the experience of awareness of the boundaries between the inner, outer and intermediate worlds. With the help of cognizing the difference between the outside world and the inner world, the patient learns to differentiate them in his awareness. He begins to realize that he feels something, that he thinks about this sensation and that he wants to do with it.
Step 3: Help the addict get chance of using his or her energies and skills
The living conditions of a modern person confront him with negative impacts on the psycho-emotional sphere. In the process of accumulating or raising problematic material, a person has a need to understand it, to feel the inner meaning of his life, to learn how to combine social effectiveness with spiritual growth and self-healing.
Step 4: Empower the addict spiritually
As we said at the beginning, in order to successfully resolve a complex issue, there must be a look at it from the outside. In our opinion, a person needs to overcome the framework of his own prison, a prison of stereotypes, foundations, and dependence. Going beyond the scope of your problems to the transpersonal level is the main task.
Step 3: Resocialization
A sign of this period can serve as a solution to practical cases. An important topic here is: will the patient take responsibility again and what emotions and feelings will come to the fore at this stage, i.e. fear and insecurity in making their own decisions. During this period, the patient may also encounter problems on the social network. It is important to try and find the actual needs of the patient, and what he feels disappointed in. In therapy, the patient can complete old and unresolved gestalt, experimenting and realizing new ones.
Conclusion
There is no doubt that the environment very often affects human behavior. It especially affects the behavioral views of a vulnerable young person. And it is the family and the educational institution that should play a limiting role, protecting the teenager from the influence of adverse factors. Unfortunately, these “subjects” often do not cope with their roles. The family, as a unit of society, must bring up healthy citizens for this society. Suppose a child lives in a so-called dysfunctional family, in which parents, as a rule, are immersed in their problems, for example, how to feed a family, often abuse alcohol or even take drugs. And as a result, in such families the child is not given proper attention – he lacks parental care, affection, good advice, understanding, support in creative and other endeavors. The same picture can sometimes be observed in wealthy families, where parents are sometimes passionate about the process of making money and pay attention to their child once a month or once a week, when they give him pocket money. All this, of course, leaves a negative imprint on the young vulnerable psyche of the child. He is looking for “necessary attention” among his friends, i.e. in the company of the same adolescents, sometimes falling under her influence may also become involved in drug use. Do not forget that “a person exists thanks to a social group, not in a certain space. In protest against spiritual standards, against the indifference of the inner circle, young people are often united in companies that acquire their rituals and rites. ” So the family, as a unit of society, is not always able to educate a full-fledged citizen in society. Consequently, the school should also play a large role in terms of replenishing education. But with the current state of affairs in the education system, it does not always fulfill its immediate responsibility.
References
Arria, A. M., & McLellan, A. (2012). Evolution of Concept, But Not Action, in Addiction Treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(8/9), 1041-1048.
Bauman K. and Ennet S. (1996). On the importance of peer influence for adolescent drug use: commonly neglected considerations. Addiction. 91: 185– 98.
Bentley, R. (2007). Social complexity in behavioral models. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 30(1), 19.
Craske, M. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy / Michelle G. Craske. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, c2010.
Kovac, V. (2013). The more the ‘Merrier’: A multi-sourced model of addiction. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(1), 19-32.
Longabaugh R., Beattie M., Noel N., Stout R. and Malloy P. (1993).The effect of social investment on treatment outcome. J Stud Alcohol 1993; 54: 465– 78.
Moos R. (2003). Social contexts: transcending their power and their fragility. Am J Commun Psychol 31: 1–13.
Moos R. (2006). Social contexts and substance use. In: W. Miller, K. Carroll, editors. Rethinking, Substance Abuse: What the Science Shows and What We Should Do About It. New York: Guilford Press, p. 182– 200.
Nora J. (2013).Models and Theories of Addiction and the Rehabilitation Counselor. Research Papers. Paper 478.
http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/478
Felice, A., & Kouimtsidis, C. (2012). Improving services offered by GPs to patients with drug addiction. Mental Health Practice, 16(1), 19-22
Fletcher, A. M. (2013). Inside rehab: The surprising truth about addiction treatment — And how to get help that works. New York, NY US: Viking.
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Running Head: DISCRIMINATION 1
Discrimination
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Discrimination
Name
Institution Affiliation
Date
Age Discrimination
Workplace discrimination happens when a person receives cruel or unequal treatment attributable to his or her ethnicity, faith, national origin, disability or military status, or other constitutionally covered characteristics. Race is one of the most significant issues that individuals encounter in the workforce, and it has to be handled with authority. There are growing types of prejudice that most exist in the workforce. One way to express bigotry is to refuse one a position because of one’s race or gender or view another negatively because of one’s race or gender. Discrimination may contribute to the removal of a career, and probably anything detrimental to oneself or to the provocateur. Age discrimination is a problem today, particularly as employers try to escape having to fund pensions or insurance costs and do so by dismissing older workers who may be about to contribute in their pension or may need medical care. Another explanation is that ageing workers can be compensated more than recent recruits, so it is for this purpose that businesses replace older staff with new ones (Directgov. 2011). This form of reform is in comparison to those who are inherently racist towards older workers who are taking the chance to abolish older employment to usher in fresh blood age prejudice primarily affects the aged (60 +) and younger (14-17) in their early adolescence. Because of their era, many Americans were killed, pushed into retirement or turned away from a job. Employers aged over are discriminated against. Employers are more inclined than the elderly to recruit a worker who is much younger and more desirable. Employers do tend to employ workers who can do the necessary job. This is another form of discrimination toward elderly citizens, if they may be really capable of doing the job. “The 1975 Age Discrimination Act prohibits discrimination in services and practices based on age.
The effect of discrimination among the elderly people is closely related to different cultural attitudes in that most of the people tend to believe that the elderly are not in a position of providing quality work output compared to the young people. Therefore such culture encourages the discrimination practices in different institutions or organizations against the old workers. Nevertheless, when it comes to wages and salaries, the young employees tend to be discriminated through being paid a substantial amount of salary as compared to the old people, yet they are assigned the same duty working along even hours.
Cultural issues
Age discrimination is one of the strongest kinds of prejudice, including race or ethnicity prejudice. The age of one citizen will never be a consideration in how he or she is handled. When we hit the point where we can make informed, rational choices on our own, we should be viewed as everyone else is. Age discrimination is common because most of the people of this planet have unjust and old-fashioned views or opinions, in particular about two age classes. The two classes which are most biased against are the youth and the elderly. Age discrimination happens when there is prejudice against an individual on the basis of age. By definition, though, the word should apply to any age demographic, the group most often marginalized on because of their age is that age 40 and above. Individual of ranges are classified into three following groups: The youth, those aged 40 years and above and the elderly
Most businesses, given the increasing longevity of the general population, actually decline to employ individuals who have reached a certain age (Doyle, 2011).
Many workers perpetuate age prejudice as they claim the younger staff are more ambitious and offer the company a better picture, and that older workers lack the skills needed to fulfill work standards, as well as other practical issues including regulations that grant older employees higher wages or other advantages. It is also a general belief that younger workers are less costly to the organization in terms of wages, health premiums and pension plans. While it is unethical to discriminate against a worker in the workforce because of age, the activity is not so easy to detect, and it is even harder to avoid (Devine, 2011).
Theoretical explanation
The two main psychological theories applicable to the context include behavioral theory and personality theory. Behavioral theory helps in marinating all human behaviors, thus reducing the act of discriminating wither the old or the young population. On the other personality theory help in fostering stable patterns of behavior and different thoughts, which are attributed to age, race, ethnic or cultural discrimination (Epson, 2011).
Professional behaviors
Various attitudes have adversely contributed to fostering age discrimination among employees in the organization. People have cultivated a negative culture and believe that the aged are not in a position of rendering quality services as compared to the young generation. Thus all these notions should be eradicated so as to subsidize the rate of age discrimination in different organizations in the state.
Proposed cultural guidelines and competences
The first move in eliminating age prejudice in an organization is for the administration to consider the nature and impact of age disparity on the business. This calls for reasonable strategies to be followed against that activity. The legislation will be transparent about how age discrimination prosecution and sanctions will be published. The company, on all grievances, will take serious action. In fact, the organization must periodically track the workforce and communicate honestly with the employees in order to recognize any future concerns not inherently connected to age discrimination. Many successful approaches to combat age prejudice include an evaluation of the company’s culture strategic planning, improvements in recruiting practices, carefully prepared compensation and retirement plans, and an increased approach to providing a work climate that caters to all age ranges (Epson, 2011). Education exercises and positive support can also serve to discourage prejudice against age groups
The more diverse societies function together, the more critical is the teaching in cultural competencies to prevent problems. Cultural issues may vary from miscommunication to direct conflict, both of which threaten the successful efficiency and output of workers. The creation of cultural competence results in the opportunity to recognize, relate and collaborate efficiently with people around cultures and operate across specific cultural values and schedules.
Communication -The reliable and timely delivery of knowledge is crucial to successful research and team success. This is especially relevant when a project is in difficulty and needs urgent remedial action. Persons from various backgrounds also vary in how they respond to bad news, for example. People from certain Asian cultures are unwilling to send bad news to superiors–whereas those from different cultures can overdo it.
Team building-Such as the United States, some societies are individualistic, so citizens tend to go it alone. Many societies admire teamwork within or between other teams. Team-building problems can become more troublesome when teams consist of individuals from a combination of these styles of culture. Successful cross-cultural team building is important if we are to profit from the possible benefits of cultural diversity in the area
Time-Cultures are different in the way they perceive time. We vary, for example, in the contrast of employment and home life and the combination between occupational and social behaviour. Certain variations include the definition of hours or even the precise value of a time limit. Different expectations of time, particularly with schedules and timelines, may trigger a great deal of confusion and mishap at work. Time expectations underline the value of organizational cultural diversity and how it can affect day-to-day jobs.
Schedules-Economic and social phenomena have the ability to affect work. The corporate system usually operates on the secular Western Year, starting on January 1 and concluding on December 31. Yet for deciding New Year’s or particular holy days, certain people use slightly varying calendars.
One of the main psychology principles which I would use to prevent age discrimination in the organization is performance appraisal and control. Both of these aspects will help in ensuring that the adverse effect of employees being discriminated in relation to their ages has been subsidized. Performance appraisal will help in measuring the performance output in each worker, thus analyzing the potentials of all workers in regards to the assigned task. Control, on the other end, will help in ensuring that the number of young and old employees is controlled to a specific limit.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I strongly believe that the prevailing cause of discrimination is projected by believes and attitudes associated with specific cultures. Therefore in order to curb such effect, I would develop a positive attitude in regard to the race, ethnicity and cultural background of each individual working in an organization. This will help in fostering equality among workers, and the problem of discrimination will be subsidized at a significant percentage. The following are the steps that I would take to ensure the growth of cultural competencies. Recognize the society reaches beyond the colour of your skin, determine the cultural context of each individual, Determine its linguistic potency. Let the patients feel more “at rest.” Perform assessments that are culturally sensitive. Elicit desires and wishes of patients and Comprehend your own personal heritage.
References
Devine, J. (2011). Age Discrimination in the Workplace. Web.
Directgov. (2011). Age Discrimination. Web.
Doyle, A. (2011). Age Discrimination: How Old is Too Old? Web.
Epson. (2011). Avoid Age Discrimination in the Workplace. Web.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). (N. d). Age Discrimination. Web.
HR Hero. (2011). Age Discrimination in the Workplace. Web.
Workplace Fairness. (2011). Age Discrimination. Web.
Prisoners
Name
Institution Affiliation
Date
Introduction
A prisoner refers to an individual who is deprived of liberty against his or her will.
A prisoner can also be referred to as an inmate or a detained person.
There are different both ethical and cultural concerns that that [prisoners face while they are in jail.
This mostly include how the prisoners are treated and the ethical issue that arise.
A prisoner refers to an individual who is deprived of liberty against his or her will. A prisoner can also be referred to as an inmate or a detained person.
The term prisoner mainly applies for a specific individual who is serving a sentence in prison. A defendant who is in a pretrial process can not be termed as a prisoner.
There are different both ethical and cultural concerns that that [prisoners face while they are in jail. This mostly include how the prisoners are treated and the ethical issue that arise.
2
Ethical issues that affect prisoners in correction facilities
Psychological effects
Stockholm syndrome
Healthcare
Racism
Overcrowding
Psychological effects
Long duration in prisons might lead to cases of depression
Prisoners have the paradoxical consequence of isolation from culture following lengthy stretches of solitary confinement
Long-term periods in solitary isolation will lead to the development of psychiatric illness in inmates and long-term impulse control disorder.
Long intervals can induce biochemical adjustments in the brain and depression. In the lack of a social context needed to validate experiences of their culture, inmates are highly maleable, abnormally sensitive, and exhibit increased sensitivity to the influence of those who control their climate.
Human correspondence and the process of external interaction are a necessity for long-term societal transformation as inmates. Prisoners feel the paradoxical effect of relational exclusion across extended periods of isolated confinement.
There is a shift from an urge for higher social engagement, to a lack of confidence. They may become lethargic and apathy, and when discharged from solitary isolation they may no longer be able to regulate their own actions. They may become reliant on the prison system to monitor and regulate their actions
4
Stockholm syndrome
The Stockholm syndrome is a condition in which hostages during captivity develop a psychological alliance with their captors (Austin & National Council on Crime and Delinquency. 2015).
Throughout intimate time together, relational connections may be established between captors and prisoners, but these are usually deemed unreasonable in terms of the victims ‘ threat or harm.
Stockholm syndrome is a disorder in which captives during imprisonment establish a social bond with the captors.
Emotional attachments may be established through emotional time together among captors and prisoners, but these are usually deemed unreasonable in terms of the victims ‘ danger or harm.
The Hostage Barricade information program and law compliance Bulletin of the FBI report that about 8% of perpetrators exhibit signs of Stockholm syndrome.
5
Healthcare
Mental ill inmates
Transmission of Communicable diseases e.g.
HIV and Aids
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis (Hammett & Kennedy, 2011).
There are number of different prisoners in the correction facilities who tend to suffer adversely from the mental ill mates. The ill mates suffer from different mental conditions such as schizophrenia and they therefore don not relate well with the others. This might cause disputes, fight and violence to occur in the premises
Prisoners are at a high risk of accruing communicable diseases while they serve their sentence in the prison. One of the most common communicable diseases include: HIV and Aids. This is mainly transmitted through sharing of sharp appliances such as razor blades.
TB is then other common communicable disease which is mainly transmitted through the air. Prisons are mostly congested thus in case one is suffering from such a disease then it will be easy for the others to acquire the disease.
6
Substance abuse
A number of prisoners tend to abuse drug and other substance while in the correction centers.
Substance abuse poses an adverse effect in prisons by increasing cases of morality
Nevertheless, alcohol use disorder is mainly associated with suicide in prison.
A number of prisoners tend to abuse drug and other substance while in the correction centers. Substance abuse poses an adverse effect in prisons by increasing cases of morality Nevertheless, alcohol use disorder is mainly associated with suicide in prison. The cumulative prevalence of substance misuse or addictive problems in the inmate community is nearly 75 percent In a 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics study, about half of all state and federal offenders admitted using substances in the month prior to their conviction, and more than three-quarters recorded consuming narcotics over their lifespan (Mumola 1999). However, a fifth of the state and a sixth of the federal inmates have issues associated with a history of substance dependence or d
7
Ethical and basic needs of prisoners while in prison
Prisoners with disabilities should be subjected to special treatment
Prisoners should be offered with proper medical care
They should have access to courts
They should not be discriminated
Continuity of federal rights (Jewkes & Bennett, 2016).
Prisoners have the right to proper medical attention. courts also ruled that showing a willful indifference for a prisoner’s urgent medical need is a breach of the Eighth Amendment by jail administrators. Hence, prisoners have the right to access emergency care with urgent medical needs. Its mental health requires providing treatment.
The inmate must be prepared to show for an actionable argument that the jail officer realized he or she had a significant medical problem, or that he or she intentionally took measures to keep him or her from coming to this understanding. The quality goes far beyond pure incompetence. Efforts aimed at abolishing solitary isolation as a penalty, or restricting its use, will be rendered and promoted.
Conditions are provided to allow inmates to partake in sustainable paid jobs that will promote their reintegration into the labor market of the nation and encourage them to relate to their own economic welfare and that of their families. Prisoners shall have recourse without prejudice to the public care provided in the country on the basis of their legal status. With government and social organizations involvement and support, and with proper concern for the needs of the perpetrators
8
Recommendation
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL AND CULTURAL TREATMENT OF PRISONERS
All inmates shall be regarded as human beings with consideration because of their intrinsic integrity and value.
Nevertheless, it is important to uphold the religious beliefs and cultural precepts of the society to which the prisoners adhere if local conditions so demand (Rodley & Pollard, 2019).
All prisoners shall have the opportunity to partake in cultural events and instruction directed at the complete growth of the human personality.
All inmates shall be regarded as human beings with consideration because of their intrinsic integrity and value.
Nevertheless, it is important to uphold the religious beliefs and cultural precepts of the society to which the prisoners adhere if local conditions so demand.
All prisoners shall have the opportunity to partake in cultural events and instruction directed at the complete growth of the human personality.
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Efforts should be made and promoted to remove solitary confinement as a penalty or to limit its use
Conditions are provided to allow inmates to engage in meaningful remunerated jobs (Loden, 2016)
Prisoners shall have recourse without prejudice to health care provided in the country on the basis of their legal status.
Favorable arrangements for the ex-prisoner’s reintegration into society under the best available terms shall be established with the cooperation and help of the government and social organizations, and with due regard for the needs of offenders.
All prisoners shall be considered with respect to their inherent dignity and worth as human beings. Prisoners should be treated same ways as the other citizens of the state while they are under custody, The should not be subjected to harsh treatment because they have rights and privileges which should be held and sustained at optimum level.
Nevertheless, if local conditions so demand, it is essential to maintain the spiritual and religious beliefs, customs and cultural precepts of the social structure to which the inmates adhere.
All inmates shall have the chance to take part to participate in social activities and guidance aimed at the full maturity of the human personality. Their participation in such activities will help in ensuring that the prisoners nature their talents.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, prisoners face various ethical and cultural issues in the correction facilities
The ethical and cultural issues have a direct impact on the prisoners
There are different ways through which the prisoners need to be treated as they server their term in the correction facilities
Therefore different ways have been formulated in order to uphold both ethical and cultural practices in the correction facilities
In conclusion, prisoners face various ethical and cultural issues in the correction facilities The ethical and cultural issues have a direct impact on the prisoners. There are different ways through which the prisoners need to be treated as they server their term in the correction facilities
Therefore different ways have been formulated in order to uphold both ethical and cultural practices in the correction facilities
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References
Rodley, N., & Pollard, M. (2019). The treatment of prisoners under international law. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Loden, M. (2016). Implementing diversity (p. 16). Chicago: Irwin.
Jewkes, Y., Crewe, B., & Bennett, J. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook on prisons. Routledge.
Hammett, T. M., Roberts, C., & Kennedy, S. (2011). Health-related issues in prisoner reentry. Crime & delinquency, 47(3), 390-409.
Austin, J., Coventry, G., & National Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2015). Emerging issues on privatized prisons. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
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Running Head: ETHICAL ISSUES 1
Ethical Issues 8
Ethical Issue
Name
Institution Affiliation
Date
Ethical problems occur when a particular action, situation, or behavior causes a dispute with the moral principles of a community. Such disputes will affect both people and corporations, as any of their actions could be challenged from an ethical point of view. People in their interactions with other people or in their interactions with organizations are susceptible to these problems, and the same goes with corporations. Such disputes are sometimes potentially risky, as some of the options to resolve the issue may infringe a specific law. The problem may not have legal implications on other instances but it may produce an adverse response from third parties. Ethical problems are challenging because if no rules or precedents are recognized, they’re hard to deal with. For this purpose, several technical and business organizations have ethical codes that main members review and endorse to provide a practical mechanism of businesses and people to make appropriate choices if they encounter one of these disputes (Slade & Prinsloo, 2013).
Each child should be taught and the UN has made it one of the fundamental human rights of every country, understanding the pain of the uneducated and the importance of educated citizenship. Sadly, there are some obstacles to meaningful learning that have been discussed by users and educators since time immemorial, and some of these hurdles are ingrained in our principles. The number of dishonest issues of schooling can be said to be infinite, often serving as stumbling blocks to successful learning. Some of the important ethical issues confronting stakeholders in the education sector in India, however, are as follows;
Ethical Issues and the Alternative Solutions
Medical certificate that is not valid. Most teachers will end up providing a wrong certificate just to qualify for the job opportunity yet this is a standard procedure. This is not only an ethical issue but also a legal issue that shouldn’t go unpunished. However, for this offence to be dealt with any individual caught faking the medical certificate should be imposed a hefty fine. The institutions should also insist on taking the original certificate that is valid. The choice of the teacher is also an issue that is overlooked. Most of the head teachers will go forth and assign teachers a class of their own choice and not the teacher’s choice (Marshall, 2014). This is not considerate for the teacher and the learners as this will lead to lack of teaching motivation by the teacher. This will lead to poor results at the end of the course. Teachers should be let to choose classes of their own and have discussions with the head teacher before being assigned classes to teach.
Moreover, cooperation between colleagues is another issue that leads to ethical issues. Lack of cooperation between teachers leads to poor results and conflicts between them and hence workflow is affected by these relations. In other cases, the young and new teachers end up being bullied by the older teachers. They are given a huge work load to carry out, given extra teaching classes and at times dismissed off and this implicates negatively on the young teaching stuff. However, cooperation could be fostered through openness between teachers. This will help result assisting dealing with the workflow and even creating strong bonds between the teaching stuff. Work should be divided equally between the teachers so as to avoid overloading some of the teachers. This will give each teacher an equal chance of working in a favorable environment and achieve the required targets. The older teachers should also put their ego aside and recognize the younger teacher while mentoring them. Through these ways everyone becomes more receptive to work.
Individuals end up misusing the public facilities provided. Most of the teachers will end up misusing the facilities provided with no regards whatsoever. This leads to expenses incurred on the institution due misused resources such as learning materials, books, resource materials and school property. The teachers further engage in misusing the school’s internet provided for their own good. They engage in social media activities rather than research purposes. They do this during the restricted hours and that is unethical. They mix their own personal issues and work. However, this can be corrected through providing every teacher with a user record for each school facilities. This ensures the teacher is accountable for every resource used. The schools should also have a staff that keeps a check on the teacher’s activities in the school premises.
Furthermore, discipline issues have been a great basis for unethical issues. Some of the teachers lack discipline in the line of duty hence engages in unethical practices that compromise the situation and themselves as well. However, most of the teachers have ended up being misjudged or weren’t given an opportunity to explain themselves out. Most of the cases have been of zero tolerance and end up ending careers for innocent individuals. The society too plays a huge role in this issue. The society should restrain from pointing fingers towards teachers. The society should also appreciate the teachers rather than accusing them every single time.
In addition, punishment has been an issue involved in the teaching profession. Some of the teachers end up punishing the students in inconsiderate ways that are not acceptable. Harsh punishment inflicts pain to the learners and may affect them mentally and emotionally. In administering punishment, the teachers should be considerate and avoid being harsh with the learners. Furthermore, different misbehaviors require different punishments that are in accordance to the school’s rules and regulations to avoid hurting the learners. Including adolescents of diverse socioeconomic and racial backgrounds, schools are increasingly faced with the question of diversity. In fact, public schools had to contend with racial disparity problems and cultural disparities. Both educational institutions, including the public ones, need to tackle the diversity problem by changing the curriculum. Ethnic competitions and ethnic events should be held at colleges, helping to draw together students of different cultures and assisting to uphold cohesion within themselves.
It has often been claimed that tests are not a true test of intelligence, as some learners struggle from what is often alluded to as “study syndrome” and even a smart student finds this impossible to pass the easiest exam. On a serious note, there is always a controversial debate about how students should be evaluated and the standards that govern these ratings. On the other side, who is to blame the rather inept instructor or the lazy pupil for the student’s failure? Certain concerns worth noting include versatility in curriculum creation, teaching approach, continuing evaluations, skills sharing and best practices across the board, in addition to the ethical problems surrounding above listed instruction. Each of the above-mentioned issues involves thorough analysis and close examination in order to provide meaningful approaches and enhance the education system.
Applied Ethical Principles and Standards
Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
The first precept of the APA code of ethics notes that psychologists should aim to preserve the interests and wellbeing of those with whom they deal professionally.2 It involves the people they serve in clinical practice, animals used in testing and studies and everyone else with which they participate in professional contact. Therefore there should be an elimination of biasness in field of education among different learning institutions. The principle also encourages the issues of prejudices and affiliations should be eradicated in the leaning institutions.
Fidelity and Responsibility
The APA further states that the social duty of psychologists is to help insure that those employed in their field always follow good ethical expectations. This theory indicates psychologists should be interested with practices that strengthen their colleagues ‘ professional behavior and actions. To work as a tutor, to engage in peer analysis, and to call out ethical issues or wrongdoing are indicators of how this idea might be placed into effect. Each and member in the education facility has been assigned a specific role and responsibility thus it is their requirement to uphold fidelity and leaders to be responsible for the individual learning in the education centers.
Integrity
Psychologists would never try to delude or misinterpret themselves in study and practice. Throughout testing, deceit that require the produce or fabrication of outcomes in a manner to obtain desirable effects. Psychologists will always aim in their practice for integrity and fairness. If study involves manipulation (which may include the use of confederates as subjects that does not explicitly disclose the real essence of the work), researchers may make sure to minimize the results. This form of study fraud has to be explained and the possible benefits will overshadow possible disadvantages. This means that in the education faculty both the students and the instructors should uphold a high degree of integrity.
Justice
Accountability in the broadest context refers to an obligation to be equal and neutral. This theory notes that citizens are able to access and profit from progress made in the field of psychology. For psychologists it’s necessary to treat people fairly. In our context each and every individual who is the leaning institutions should be subjected to fair justice through their education experience.
Conclusion
In conclusion, when faced with an ethical situation think of what you value the most as an individual and as a professional to guide your response to the matter you are facing with a decisive and clear cut mindset. There is also high pressure of being different from others and speaking out loud against the unethical issues taking place. This may lead to losing favor from your colleagues or even further face retaliation. But yet, avoiding addressing the behavior or rationalizing it could end up putting the institution at risk by driving out the good employees and also ruining individuals’ careers just because of tagging along due to the risks involved in whistle blowing.
References
Couch, S., & Dodd, S. (2015). Doing the right thing: Ethical issues in higher
education. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 97(3), 20.
DeGeorge, R., Block, W. E., Fuchs, R. F., McGee, R. W., Rorty, R., & Searle, J. R.
(2017). Academic freedom and tenure: Ethical issues.
Marshall, S. (2014). Exploring the ethical implications of MOOCs. Distance
Education, 35(2), 250-262.
Reisch, R. A. (2011). International service learning programs: Ethical issues and
recommendations. Developing World Bioethics, 11(2), 93-98.
Slade, S., & Prinsloo, P. (2013). Learning analytics: Ethical issues and
dilemmas. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(10), 1510-1529.
Sugarman, J., Kaalund, V., Kodish, E., Marshall, M. F., Reisner, E. G., Wilfond, B. S., &
Wolpe, P. R. (2017). Ethical issues in umbilical cord blood
banking. Jama, 278(11), 938-943.