My research though for my dissertation is: Parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of how Carribean culture influences views about mental illness and stigma in the school environment. When it comes to academic achievement? Assignment: Theoretical and Conceptu

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My research though for my dissertation is: Parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of how Carribean culture influences views about mental illness and stigma in the school environment. When it comes to academic achievement?

Assignment: Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Last week, you spent some time searching for and reviewing research articles related to your topic. Now, you are asked to spend some time thinking about the theoretical or conceptual framework for your study. You may already have an idea of specific theories or concepts that relate to your topic. If so, begin thinking about what pieces—or aspects—of those theories or concepts relate most to your topic and will provide the basis for your study. Also, spend some time reviewing research articles that include one or more of the same variables that you are using, and identify the theoretical or conceptual frameworks that the authors use. Doing so may give you a clearer idea of how specific theories or concepts may be used as the basis for your study.

To prepare for this Assignment, please revisit the Dissertation Checklists available at the Walden University Center for Research Quality website, which can be found through this week’s Learning Resources. Pay particular attention to the items listed under “Chapter 2.”

CHAPTER 2

Checklist Items

Introduction

Restate the problem and the purpose.

Provide a concise synopsis of the current literature that establishes the relevance of the problem.

Preview major sections of the chapter.

Literature Search Strategy

List accessed library databases and search engines used.

List key search terms and combinations of search terms (with more detailed search terms located in an appendix if appropriate).

Describe the iterative search process by explaining what terms were used in what database to identify germane scholarship.

In cases where there is little current research, and few(if any) dissertations and/or conference proceedings, describe how this was handled.

Theoretical Foundation (as appropriate)

Name the theory or theories.

Provide origin or source of the theory.

Describe major theoretical propositions and/or major hypotheses, including delineation of any assumptions appropriate to the application of the theory.

Provide a literature and research based analysis of how the theory has been applied previously in ways similar to the current study.

Provide the rationale for the choice of this theory.

Describe how and why the selected theory relates to the present study and how the research questions relate to, challenge, or build upon existing theory.

Conceptual Framework (As appropriate)

Identify and define the concept/phenomenon.

Synthesize primary writings by key theorists, philosophers, and / or seminal researchers related to the concept or phenomenon.

Provide key statements and definitions inherent in the framework.

Describe how the concept or phenomenon has been applied and articulated in previous research and how the current study benefits from this framework.

Literature Review Related to Key Variables and/or Concepts

Provide an exhaustive review of the current literature that includes the following information:

Describe studies related to the constructs of interest and chosen methodology and methods that are consistent with the scope of the study.

Describe ways researchers in the discipline have approached the problem and the strengths and weakness inherent in their approaches.

Justify from the literature the rationale for selection of the variables or concepts.

Review and synthesize studies related to the key concepts and/or phenomena under investigation to produce a description of what is known about them, what is controversial, and what remains to be studied.

Review and synthesize studies related to the research questions and why the approach selected is meaningful.

Summary and Conclusions

Concisely summarize major themes in the literature.

Summarize what is known as well as what is not known in the discipline related to the topic of study.

Describe how the present study fills at least one of the gaps in the literature and will extend knowledge in the discipline.

Provide transitional material to connect the gap in the literature to the methods described in chapter 3.

The Assignment (3–4 pages):

My research though for my dissertation is: Parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of how Carribean culture influences views about mental illness and stigma in the school environment. When it comes to academic achievement?

I need an abstract

Paper must be in APA format

Briefly describe your possible dissertation topic.

Explain at least one theoretical or conceptual framework and its relationship to your topic.

Based on the literature you have reviewed thus far, annotate three articles that provide details regarding the relevance of the theoretical or conceptual framework to your possible dissertation topic.

Is there a gap in the literature?

Theoretical Foundation (as appropriate)
Name the theory or theories.
Provide origin or source of the theory.
Describe major theoretical propositions and/or major hypotheses, including delineation of any assumptions appropriate to the application of the theory.
Provide a literature and research based analysis of how the theory has been applied previously in ways similar to the current study.
Provide the rationale for the choice of this theory.
Describe how and why the selected theory relates to the present study and how the research questions relate to, challenge, or build upon existing theory.
Conceptual Framework (As appropriate)
Identify and define the concept/phenomenon.
Synthesize primary writings by key theorists, philosophers, and / or seminal researchers related to the concept or phenomenon.
Provide key statements and definitions inherent in the framework.
Describe how the concept or phenomenon has been applied and articulated in previous research and how the current study benefits from this framework.

USE THE REFERENCES ON THE DOCUMENT NAMED: CULTURE INFLUEN
 

Running head:

CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON MENTAL ILLNESSES

1

CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON MENTAL ILLNESSES 9

CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON MENTAL ILLNESSES

Name

Course

Tutor

Date

Cultural Influences on Mental Illnesses

Oexle, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2018). Understanding Mental Illness Stigma toward Persons with Multiple Stigmatized Conditions: Implications of Intersectionality Theory. Psychiatric Services, app-ps.

Two respected psychologists work together to produce the article aptly named “Understanding Mental Illness Stigma toward People with Multiple Stigmatized Conditions.” The psychologists who co-author the article are Nathaniel Oexle and Patrick Corrigan. The target audience for which the report is intended includes medical experts, psychologists, and medical educationists. The theme of the article was to create awareness for the existence of people with more than one condition that is stigmatized and an exploration of means by which the states could be managed, mitigated or treated.

Relating to the topic of research, the article addresses the management of diseases subject to public stigmatization based on the cultural foundation of the community, in this case, the Caribbean society. Regarding source reliability, the information given herein could not be more believable. The authors themselves are highly qualified specialists in psychology with expertise not only in mental illness management but also on stigmatization of the victims of the disorders associated with such illnesses. The validity of the information they give in their article is therefore beyond reproach.

Ezell, J. M., Choi, C. W. J., Wall, M. M., & Link, B. G. (2018). Measuring recurring stigma in the lives of individuals with mental illness. Community mental health journal, 54(1), 27-32.

The article is a creation of four authors with stabilized practices in various cities within the United States. For instance, Dr. Choi has established the practice in San Francisco, California. Apart from the training, the doctor is also a holder of a doctorate in counseling hence is an authority in the said field. The co-authors are not left behind either as they are too authoritative specialists in the field of counseling and psychology. Melanie Wall is the director of Mental Health Data at the New York State Psychiatric Institute while she also doubles at the Colombia University’s psychiatry department.

The main born of contention addressed by the article is the measurement of recurrent stigma among former patients at mental institutions. Daily Indignities of Mental Illness is the mode of analysis for recurring stigmatization. Research has proven higher DIMI scores for individuals with fewer relative visits after their stay in the hospitals. Also, patients with multiple stigmatization disorders within their systems record higher scores. The article was written mainly addresses medical practitioners, patients, and their families. The patients’ healing record is dependent on the reaction of the community. The information given in the article is somewhat related to the Oexle-Corrigan one that emphasizes on understanding mental illness and the stigmatization that is associated with some disorders.

McCann, T. V., Renzaho, A., Mugavin, J., & Lubman, D. I. (2017). The stigma of mental illness and substance misuse in Sub‐Saharan African migrants: A qualitative study. International journal of mental health nursing.

The author of stigmatization of mental illness and substance misuse in sub-Saharan African immigrants is an article that has been written to target a specific audience which is the public. According to the authors, victims of mental illness and substance abuse who are also the victims of stigmatization are discouraged from seeking professional help based on the challenges they face as immigrants and addicts. In addressing the challenges caused by stigmatization on mentally handicapped, McCann and company have directly reiterated the thesis of this research that stigmatization of the disabled is always community-based and always influenced by the cultural orientation and beliefs of the same community.

Mascayano, F., Armijo, J. E., & Yang, L. H. (2015). Addressing stigma relating to mental illness in low-and-middle-income countries. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 38.

Mascayano and his fellow academicians believe that mental health disorders especially the psychotic ones are the leading cause of a useless life for people in the category of non-communicable diseases. The authors of the article are Franco Mascayano, Julio Eduardo, and Laurence Hsin Yang, all of whom possess psychiatric qualifications in the field of human psychology and adaptations. The paper discusses the long and short-term effects associated with the disorders of the mind, and the necessity of their solution or management is considered as well. The audience to which the document is addressed is made of social workers dealing with the mentally ill, their doctors and healthcare nurses as well as their families, everyone with a role in shaping the patients live more comfortable lives.

Matheson, K., Bombay, A., & Anisman, H. (2018). Culture as an ingredient of personalized medicine. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience: JPN, 43(1), 3.

Matheson, is a doctorate holder in the field of mental health and his opinion on such matters are worth a hearing. Just like Matheson, the co-authors of the article have immense knowledge in their fields of expertise as can be attested by the 220 or so individuals who have cited the works of Amy Bombay, another co-author. Personalized medicine has also been referred to as precision medicine, which the article encourages the application of cultural values including the norms and the geographical locations of the patients under treatment. The culture of the Caribbean people forms the bane of the research topic hence the relevance of the article by Matheson and associates in regards to the research paper under study.

Gilmer, T., Henwood, B., McGovern, N., Hurst, S., Burgdorf, J., & Innes-Gomberg, D. (2017). Health outcomes and costs associated with the provision of culturally competent services for underrepresented ethnic populations with severe mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(5), 782-791.

Perhaps the most interesting article in the whole of this collection, the paper has one of its authors as Debbie Innes-Gomberg who is the Mental Health Clinical Program Manager 3 at the MHSA outcomes and implementation division in Los Angeles. Other authors are Samantha Hurst who is an Associate Project Scientist and a family and public health doctor, Burgdorf, a health specialist and McGovern and Henwood as well as Gilmer. The authors target an audience of Medicare specialists and economists or financiers. Unlike earlier articles, it talks about the cost of introducing culturally competent services for underrepresented ethnic populations.

Bhugra, D., Gupta, S., Bhui, K., Craig, T. O. M., Dogra, N., Ingleby, J. D., … & Stompe, T. (2011). WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants. World Psychiatry, 10(1), 2-10.

In reiterating the commitment by the WPA to work towards equity in access to medical services for people with mental ailments, the authors confirm the need for the services to the people affected even in their minority status. However, that is beside the point as far as the research on Hispanic perception on mental health is concerned. The area of concern arises in the description of the effects of migration on the health of psychiatric patients. As for the credibility of the sources, there is not an iota of doubt. For instance, the fact that their work appears on the website that regulates global psychiatric cases is enough proof of their authenticity.

Bhui, K. (2012). Culture and mental health: A comprehensive textbook. CRC Press.

In his book Culture and Mental Health, Bhui, an academician with specialties in pharmacology, epidemiology, clinical physiotherapy and even has a masters in mental health seeks to find out the connections that exist between the culture an individual grows in and the psychological health. In his forays, the professor goes through a host of cultures like the Indian, East African, Caribbean, Asian and a host of other minority and majority ethnic groups. The connection that the book has to the Caribbean population provides adequate fertile ground for information access on the effect their culture has on the treatment, recovery, and management of health conditions affiliated to mental incapacitation.

Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., & Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E959-E967.

The health challenges that face refugees and immigrants are numerous in both intensity and frequency and are as varied as they are frequent. Kirmayer, Narasiah, Munoz and their counterparts seek to address the illnesses of the migration process that are remotely associated with mental ailments. Based on the populace affected, psychological illness based within immigrants and refugees may be the perfect place to find out the way in which culture influences psychological health, cases of an instance, treatment and even the procedures that are involved in caring for the sick. The viability of the facts obtained from the articled could be vouched for from the sources themselves that are reliable as they originate from stakeholders in mental medicine, people with ideas on what they write.

Woodward, A. T. (2011). Discrimination and help-seeking: Use of professional services and informal support among African Americans, Black Caribbean, and non-Hispanic Whites with a mental disorder. Race and Social Problems, 3(3), 146.

Woodward’s article leans towards the first two articles addressed in this work. In his article “Discrimination and help-seeking: Use of professional services and informal support among African Americans, Black Caribbean, and non-Hispanic Whites with a mental disorder,” highlights the social problems faced by the minorities.

According to the author, a high profiled psychologist with numerous publications under his belt, the art of discriminating others based on particular characteristics causes them discomfort thereby contributing to them shying off from such places. Patients of mental ailments are not above other humans and thus are susceptible to discriminative bitterness as well as the rest of the population responds to such treatment, a factor that regrettably leads the worsening of their condition.

References

Bhugra, D., Gupta, S., Bhui, K., Craig, T. O. M., Dogra, N., Ingleby, J. D., … & Stompe, T. (2011). WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants. World Psychiatry, 10(1), 2-10.
Bhui, K. (2012). Culture and mental health: A comprehensive textbook. CRC Press.
Ezell, J. M., Choi, C. W. J., Wall, M. M., & Link, B. G. (2018). Measuring recurring stigma in the lives of individuals with mental illness. Community mental health journal, 54(1), 27-32.
Gilmer, T., Henwood, B., McGovern, N., Hurst, S., Burgdorf, J., & Innes-Gomberg, D. (2017). Health outcomes and costs associated with the provision of culturally competent services for underrepresented ethnic populations with severe mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(5), 782-791.
Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., & Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E959-E967.

Mascayano, F., Armijo, J. E., & Yang, L. H. (2015). Addressing stigma relating to mental illness in low-and middle-income countries. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 38.

Matheson, K., Bombay, A., & Anisman, H. (2018). Culture as an ingredient of personalized medicine. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience: JPN, 43(1), 3.

McCann, T. V., Renzaho, A., Mugavin, J., & Lubman, D. I. (2017). Stigma of mental illness and substance misuse in Sub‐Saharan African migrants: A qualitative study. International journal of mental health nursing.

Oexle, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2018). Understanding Mental Illness Stigma toward Persons with Multiple Stigmatized Conditions: Implications of Intersectionality Theory. Psychiatric Services, app-ps.
Woodward, A. T. (2011). Discrimination and help-seeking: Use of professional services and informal support among African Americans, Black Caribbean, and non-Hispanic Whites with a mental disorder. Race and Social Problems, 3(3), 146.

Writing an Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography should include the following elements:

I. FULL BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS

Example

Gathman, A. C., & Nessan, C. L. (2010). Fowler’s stages of faith development in an honors

science-and-religion seminar. Zygon, 32(3), 407–414.

II. A SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH METHOD AND ITS FINDINGS

Example

The authors described the construction and rationale of an honors course in science and religion

that was pedagogically based on Lawson’s learning cycle model. In Lawson’s model, the student

writes a short paper on a subject before presentation of the material, and then writes a longer

paper reevaluating and supporting his views. Using content analysis, the authors compared the

answers in the first and second essays, evaluating them based on Fowler’s stages of development.

Examples of student writing are presented with the authors’ analysis of the faith stage exhibited

by the students, which demonstrated development in stages 2 through 5.

III. A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ARTICLE

· Here are some questions you might address at this point:

· Was the research question well framed and significant?

· How well was the research related to the existing body of knowledge?

· Did the article make an original contribution to the existing body of knowledge?

· Was the theoretical framework for the study adequate and appropriate?

· Has the researcher communicated clearly and fully?

· Was the research method appropriate?

· Is there a better way to find answers to the research question?

· Was the sample size sufficient?

· Were there adequate controls for researcher bias?

· Is the research replicable?

· What were the limitations in this study?

· How generalizable are the findings?

· Are the conclusions justified by the results?

· Did the writer take into account differing social and cultural contexts?

Example

The authors made no specific effort to support spiritual development in the course. They were

interested in the interface between religion and science, teaching material on ways of knowing,

creation myths, evolutionary theory, and ethics. They exposed students to Fowler’s ideas, but did

not relate the faith development theory to student work in the classroom. There appears to have

been no effort to modify the course content based on the predominant stage of development, and

it is probably a credit to their teaching that they were able to conduct such a course with such

diversity in student faith development. However, since Fowler’s work is based largely within a

Western Christian setting, some attention to differences in faith among class members would

have been a useful addition to the study. There was no correlation between grades and level of

faith development.

A STATEMENT OF THE VALUE OF THE ARTICLE

Here it is helpful to comment not only on the findings but also on what you might have learned about research methodology, including both research approaches and instruments (interviews, questionnaires, published pen and paper tests, and so forth) that you might adapt for your own research purposes.

Example

Fowler’s work would seem to lend itself to research of this sort, but this is the only example found

in recent literature. This study demonstrates the best use of the model, which is assessment. While

the theory claimed high predictive ability, the change process chronicled is so slow and

idiosyncratic that it would be difficult to design and implement research that had as its goal

measurement of movement in faith development continuum.

(The above examples were submitted by Diana White as part of the annotated bibliography for the KAM II Depth.)

From A Guide to the Knowledge Area Modules by I.M. Yob, 2010, p. 25-26. Adapted with permission.

Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW II 1

LITERATURE REVIEW II 6

Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Onisia Brown

Socw-8550W

Walden University

27th March 2018

Abstract

The concept of mental illness in human beings is yet to be appreciated and understood especially among minority communities who also happen to be among the most impoverished housed in the country. The absence of physical evidence of illness barring the symptoms could be the primary cause for apprehension and confusion in regards to the human health regarding mental capabilities and impairments of a victim. In essence, the cultural beliefs held by the various Caribbean communities as far as psychological sickness is concerned differs considerably from the modern concept of mental challenges just as much as it differs from the European, Asian and African perception of the same. Comment by Alice Yick Flanagan: Onisia, this is quite a claim. There are quite a lot of studies about perceptions of mental illness, stereotypes and myths of mental illness and the role of culture. Comment by Alice Yick Flanagan: This abstract sounds like a position paper. In other words, it sounds like you are writing a paper on your opinions on this topic. Remember, science is supposed to be objective and value free.
An abstract is merely a summary of the entire document.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The environment within which an individual grows up determines the culture that he or she practices and becomes a member. Obviously, influences derived from the literature affects the manner in which individuals are subscribing to that line of thought interact with others even if they do not share the same cultural views. The way of interaction of Caribbean children with their non-Caribbean counterparts about mental illnesses based on their cultural beliefs form the bone of contention for the article review written.

Life in school can be quite confusing for the average American child due to the presence of different kinds of people from different backgrounds with whom the school is shared. For that matter, parents worry a lot about their children more so on things that directly affect the security, comfort and the academic performance of their offspring. One such factor is the beliefs that the children with whom they interact hold be they cultural, political, economic or even medical. The reason for parent’s uncertainty stems from the fact that beliefs are highly contagious and one can easily convince the other to discard previously held views and embrace the ones advocated for by the former.

Essentially, mental health has remained a mystery for many societies over the years. When exploring the common mental problems facing refugees and immigrants, Kirmayer and fellow researchers found out that the Caribbean community sees victims of mental illnesses as people who are morally corrupted. In that society, psychological handicap is a result of a punitive measure given to them from a superhuman authority and thus one way or another, it is disciplinary action from the supernatural ( Kirmayer et al., 2011). Based on that belief, victims are stigmatized and sidelined making the victims themselves feel unwanted and makes them embrace habits that to them may look like consolation but in reality are harmful to them like drug abuse.

According to (Bhugra et al., 2011), the cultural values among immigrant populations towards people living with mental disorder create an aura of stigmatization. With the threat of isolation always hanging over their heads, people will be more reluctant in finding ways of coping with their condition and seeking treatment due to the fear of the states they bear becoming public knowledge. The World Psychiatrist Association is of the belief that increased stigmatization also prevents the families and loved ones of an individual from giving the patient adequate care and attention.

The stigmatization surrounding mental incapacitation spreads to the surrounding communities. Such instances reduce the possibility of providing equitable healthcare when it comes to psychological conditions. At any given time, neighborhoods are more likely to have more Caribbean patients with mental conditions than any other group as their patients are neither committed nor given specialized treatments like others. Instead, they wander uncared for or instead inappropriately cared for creating a state of confusion to the kids especially the very young ones without the understanding of what mental handicap means.

Despite the negativity oozing from the cultural perception that the Caribbean people have of mental illnesses, (Matheson et al., 2018) thinks that their understanding of mental disorders maybe not that bad and may have one or two ways through which professionals could manage patients. The article written by Matheson and company proposes the inclusion of the cultural understanding of the patient in his or her treatment especially when it is personalized. Synchronization of spiritualism and modern day treatment for a Caribbean patient may be exceptionally provided the background from which he or she comes. With such integration, the patient can feel free since treatment is underway as the belief is that something is spiritually wrong in him is carried. Invoking aspects of spiritual treatment show treatment thereby increase his comfort allowing the body to start responding to treatment.

In “Culture and Mental Health,” Bhui explores the relationship between culture and mental health of many communities including Caribbean’s. The pharmacology doctor alleges that the Latinas have various traditional methods of treating their patients if the families are strong enough to come out and seek treatment. However, most families bypass therapy for their kin, and even the most respected of persons lose that respect. The secret to managing mental disorders among their population is getting the family to sign off on their rehabilitation.

In conclusion, parents have a reason to be worried about the influence that Caribbean culture on mental challenges has on their children. The culture of the Caribbean people is a little harsh, but it is not anything that firm instructions and moral lessons cannot rub off our children. From the articles quoted and analyzed above, it is quite clear that cultural values have an immense influence on the lives of all affected by illnesses of the mind in both positive and negative ways. The best means of finding the optimum ways of dealing with the cultural challenge is finding a tolerable ground for both sides rather than eradicating a whole culture. Comment by Alice Yick Flanagan: Onisia, I am confused…did you upload the wrong assignment. I will give you a chance to revise this assignment.
Please carefully read the instructions for assignment 5. You need to identify a theory(theories) that will guide your study and then annotate 3 articles that relate to the theory.
Regards,
Dr. Alice Yick

References

Bhugra, D., Gupta, S., Bhui, K., Craig, T. O. M., Dogra, N., Ingleby, J. D., … & Stompe, T. (2011). WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants. World Psychiatry, 10(1), 2-10.

Bhui, K. (2012). Culture and mental health: A comprehensive textbook. CRC Press.

Ezell, J. M., Choi, C. W. J., Wall, M. M., & Link, B. G. (2018). Measuring recurring stigma in the lives of individuals with mental illness. Community mental health journal, 54(1), 27-32.

Gilmer, T., Henwood, B., McGovern, N., Hurst, S., Burgdorf, J., & Innes-Gomberg, D. (2017). Health outcomes and costs associated with the provision of culturally competent services for underrepresented ethnic populations with severe mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(5), 782-791.

Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., & Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E959-E967.

Mascayano, F., Armijo, J. E., & Yang, L. H. (2015). Addressing stigma relating to mental illness in low-and middle-income countries. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 38.

Matheson, K., Bombay, A., & Anisman, H. (2018). Culture as an ingredient of personalized medicine. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience: JPN, 43(1), 3.

McCann, T. V., Renzaho, A., Mugavin, J., & Lubman, D. I. (2017). Stigma of mental illness and substance misuse in Sub‐Saharan African migrants: A qualitative study. International journal of mental health nursing.

Oexle, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2018). Understanding Mental Illness Stigma toward Persons with Multiple Stigmatized Conditions: Implications of Intersectionality Theory. Psychiatric Services, app-ps.

Woodward, A. T. (2011). Discrimination and help-seeking: Use of professional services and informal support among African Americans, Black Caribbean, and non-Hispanic Whites with a mental disorder. Race and Social Problems, 3(3), 146.