1-Match the following three main types of neurons with their descriptions.
Group of answer choices
sensory neurons
[ Choose ]
motor neurons
[ Choose ]
interneurons
[ Choose ]
convey output from the central nervous system ( CNS) to effector cells ( muscle or gland cells) convey
input about the external and internal environments to the central nervous system (CNS) integrate
sensory input and motor output
2-Increasing the level of dopamine is in the brain has proved effective in reducing the symptoms of
Parkinson’s disease. As the disease progresses and dopaminergic receptors decline, the effectiveness of
dopamine agonists declines.
Group of answer choices
True
False
3-Blood flow is directly proportional to the
[ Select ]
in the vascular system and is inversely proportional to
[ Select ]
4-The prevalence of osteoporosis is the same in men and women of similar age.
Group of answer choices
True
False
5-Match the following types of cells in a synapse with their descriptions.
Group of answer choices
presynaptic neuron
[ Choose ]
postsynaptic neuron
[ Choose ]
6-Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles have been identified as precursors to neurological
diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Group of answer choices
True
False
7-Which of the following is NOT a common treatment for hypertension?
Group of answer choices
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Diuretics
Mevalonate
Beta (ß)-blockers
8-Which of the following is NOT a type of Alzheimer’s disease?
Group of answer choices
Genetic
Late-onset
Early-onset
Familial
9-Which hormone secreted by the pancreas reduces blood glucose concentration?
Group of answer choices
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Epinephrine
10-Which endocrine gland is primarily responsible for regulating serum calcium ions (Ca2+)?
Group of answer choices
Adrenal gland
Thymus
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
11-In ___ diabetes mellitus, alterations in glucose uptake are due to cells developing a resistance to the
action of insulin.
Group of answer choices
type 2
type 1
12-The heart consists of two separate pumps: the
[ Select ]
side delivers oxygen-poor blood to the pulmonary system (lungs), and the
[ Select ]
side supplies oxygen-rich blood to the body.
13-Infections of the brain are common because the blood-brain barrier allows the entry of large
molecules (such as bacteria).
Group of answer choices
True
False
14-The disease that causes a myocardial infarction is called ___.
Group of answer choices
ischemic heart disease
fibrillation disease
congestive heart failure
myovascular incident
15-The space between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron is called the ___.
16-In type 2 diabetes, loss of appropriate blood flow to tissues reflects, in large part, a decrease in the
microvasculature’s compliance properties that is due to increased glycosylation of connective tissue.
Group of answer choices
True
False
17-The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and ejects blood is called the ___ pressure.
Group of answer choices
diastolic
systolic
18-The ability of the human brain to develop new neural connections, or its neuroplasticity, remains
robust during aging.
Group of answer choices
True
False
19-What is widely accepted as a primary prevention strategy for reducing the risk of developing
osteoporosis?
Group of answer choices
Increasing the level of dopamine in the brain
Attaining one’s genetic limit for bone mineral content at the time of peak bone mass
Inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine (Ach)
Increasing blood glucose concentration
20-What area of the brain is generally considered to be the location for the early or preclinical pathology
of Alzheimer’s disease?
Group of answer choices
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Entorhinal cortex
21-The two general systems that make up the human nervous system are the ___ nervous systems.
Group of answer choices
peripheral and central
central and effector
peripheral and sensory
central and motor
22-In the polyol pathway, glucose is converted to ___, which accumulate in the cell and can lead to
intracellular damage.
Group of answer choices
fructose and sorbitol
maltose and fructose
sorbitol and maltose
lactose and maltose
23-The endocrine system is defined as organs and glands ___.
Group of answer choices
that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
that synthesize neurotransmitters
with ducts leading directly to the target cells
that are interconnected by neural junctions
24-Most experts now believe that ___ accounts for 80% of all new cases of type 2 diabetes.
Group of answer choices
obesity
smoking
genetics
lack of physical activity
25-Which neurotransmitter is NOT a type of catecholamine?
Group of answer choices
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Epinephrine
26-The primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease reflect the ___.
Group of answer choices
increase in phosphorylated tau
increase in amyloid plaque
loss of dopamine receptors
loss of dopamine-producing neurons
27-Early onset Parkinson’s disease, occurring before the age of 20, accounts for more than 75% of all
Parkinson’s cases and may be directly linked to family history and mutations in several genes.
Group of answer choices
True
False
28-Muscle tissue is an excitable tissue that generates ___ to propagate the contraction from muscle cell
to muscle cell.
29-The production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the absence of oxygen is described as ___.
Group of answer choices
aerobic
anaerobic
30-Glycolysis can use only ___ as the starting substrate for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
Group of answer choices
protein
glucose
fat
31-The rate of decline in reserve capacity of a physiological system is primarily determined by ___.
Group of answer choices
gender
the capacity that existed when the organism reached reproductive age
genetic factors
the age at which growth and development end
32-Regular exercise slows the rate of aging because it helps to preserve reserve capacity in many
physiological systems.
Group of answer choices
True
False
33-What finding observed in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila undergoing calorie restriction (CR)
supports the evolutionary and genetic bases of longevity?
Group of answer choices
Longevity is associated with increased fecundity.
Longevity is associated with alteration in the dauer formation gene (daf-2).
Extension of life span is associated with a delay in the start of reproduction.
Longevity is associated with alteration in the clock (clk) genes.
34-__ is the metabolic pathway that can utilize both fat and glucose to produce the most adenosine
trisphosphate (ATP).
Group of answer choices
Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation
35-To date, investigations in nonhuman primates (e.g., rhesus macaque monkeys) have shown that
calorie restriction ___ age-related disease.
Group of answer choices
accelerates
does NOT affect
delays
36-The reduced accumulation of cellular damage and slowed rate of aging seen in calorie restriction are
supported by the observation that ___ proteins are upregulated.
Group of answer choices
regulatory
ribosomal
mitochondrial
chaperone
37-The life-extending properties of calorie restriction (dietary restriction) have been effective in virtually
all nonhuman species tested.
Group of answer choices
True
False
38-Many biogerontologists believe that the investigation of human aging should focus more attention
on ___.
Group of answer choices
the aged (postreproductive) population
individuals that are 60–70 years old
young, prereproductively active and reproductively active populations
individuals that are at least 100 years old
39-Which is of the following is NOT a principle of biological systems that explains why aging CANNOT be
modulated (modified)?
Group of answer choices
Biological organisms are subject to the same laws of thermodynamics as inanimate objects.
The second law of thermodynamics operates constantly and randomly.
Aging did NOT evolve.
The first law of thermodynamics does NOT apply to biological organisms.
40-Most economically developed nations have begun the process that will eventually lead to
prescribable protocols for exercise and diet.
Group of answer choices
True
False
41-A decrease in the difference between length of life and years spent free of disability indicates a(n)
___ in the healthspan.
Group of answer choices
increase
decrease
42-___ measure an individual’s ability to perform basic functions needed for independent living.
43-___ reflects the number of years in the life span that are spent being free of time-dependent
disability.
44-Although exercise and low-calorie diets postpone the effects in the mechanisms of aging and extend
healthspan, participation in these two healthspan-increasing treatments remains
[ Select ]
and
[ Select ]
with age.
45-For most of history, and for modern society, the life cycle of the family has included ___ generations.
Group of answer choices
four
two
five
three
46-List one possible explanation for the declining birth rate in the 21st century.
47-In the United States, the rate of gain in life expectancy from birth between 1950 and 2000 was 1 year
for every ___ calendar years of life.
Group of answer choices
3–4
2–3
6
10
48-Life in an industrial society, together with the gains in health care for children, means that couples
have ___ children.
Group of answer choices
fewer
more
49-List one problem or issue that leads to low participation in increasing exercise and reducing caloric
intake.
50-Data published in 2017 show that only ___% of Americans achieve the recommended levels of
exercise per week.
Group of answer choices
21
7
99
65