Must write a multi-paragraph well structured,well-thought essays that are analytical,directly answer the questions and deliver the message. Describe how the interactions between the Muslim world and the Christian Europe contributed to the emergence of Renaissance in Europe. Pay special attention to two factors: the Moors presence in the Iberian Peninsula as well as the Crusades. Please make sure there is zero plagiarism. I am also providing lecture notes and the rubric.
A History of
Western
Society
Twelfth Edition
CHAPTER 12
European Society in the
Age of the Renaissance
1350–1550
I. Wealth and Power in
Renaissance Italy
Trade and Prosperity
The Renaissance
Advances in shipbuilding
Florence, a wealthy commercial
leader
Wealth allowed people in thriving
Italian cities greater material
pleasures, and the leisure time to
appreciate and patronize the arts
Opportunity to enjoy life
I. Wealth and Power in
Renaissance Italy
Communes and Republics of
Northern Italy
Communes formed by merchant
guilds
Merger of northern Italian nobility and
the commercial elite; powerful
oligarchy
Disenfranchisement of the popolo
Establishment of republican
governments
I. Wealth and Power in
Renaissance Italy
Communes and Republics of
Northern Italy
5. Condottieri reestablished the
merchant oligarchies
6. Cities in Italy became signori
7. Façade of communal government
8. Displays of wealth later copied by
rules of nation-states
I. Wealth and Power in
Renaissance Italy
City-States and the Balance of
Power
Individual city-states
Balance of power between Italian
states
King Charles VIII invaded Italy in
1494
The Habsburg-Valois wars
Continual warfare in Italy
II. Intellectual Change
Humanism
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
“liberal arts,” studia humanitates
Humanism
Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.)
II. Intellectual Change
Humanism
Greek philosophy, ideas of Plato
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
(1463-1494)
Virtù
II. Intellectual Change
Education
Humanists though education was for
the public good
Humanist education became the
basis for education well-to-do
urban boys and men
Academies not open to women
Baldassare Castiglione’s The
Courtier (1528)
II. Intellectual Change
Political Thought
Some favored republicanism, some
philoshopher-kings
“Civic humanism”
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527),
The Prince
Cesare Borgia (1475? – 1507)
A ruler’s moral code
II. Intellectual Change
Christian Humanism
Northern humanist wanted to reform
the church
Best elements of classical and
Christian cultures should be
combined
Thomas More (1478-1535), Utopia
(1516)
Desiderius Erasmus (1466? – 1536)
II. Intellectual Change
The Printed Word
Printing with movable metal type
developed in Germany in the
1440s
Johann Gutenberg, metal stamps
Ready availability of paper
Increase in urban literacy and
schooling expanded the reading
market
Printing allowed for a group
consciousness
Censorship by government and
church officials
III. Art and the Artist
Patronage and Power
Commissioning art was a way to
flaunt wealth
Patrons varied in their level of
involvement
Pope Julius II commissioned
Michelangelo to paint the
Vatican’s Sistine Chapel (1508)
Art reveals patterns of consumption
III. Art and the Artist
Changing Artistic Styles
The individual portrait
Giotto (1276 – 1337)
Piero della Francesca (1420 – 1492)
and Andrea Mantegna (1430/31 –
1506)
Donatello (1386 – 1466)
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)
III. Art and the Artist
Changing Artistic Styles
8. Rogier van der Weden (1399/1400
– 1464) and Jan van Eyck (1366 –
1441)
9. Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg
10. Center of art shifted from
Florence to Rome
11. Raphael Sanzio (1483 – 1520)
12. Titian (1490 – 1576),
“mannerism”
III. Art and the Artist
The Renaissance Artist
Artists “rare men of genius”
Expected to train with older artists
Beginners practiced through copying
Informal practice groups later turned
into formal artistic “academies”
Gendered notion of artistic genius
Female painters restricted
Male-only artistic workshops
IV. Social Hierarchies
Race and Slavery
“Race,” “people,” and “nation”
interchangeable
Merchants seized Africans to sell into
slavery
Local authorities offered no
protection
Portuguese sailors brought Africans
to Mediterranean markets
Black servants sought after in
northern Italy and other parts of
Europe
Slave trade reinforced negative
preconceptions about the
inferiority of black Africans
IV. Social Hierarchies
Wealth and the Nobility
Hierarchy of wealth
Poor nobles had higher status than
wealthy commoners
Nobility integrated the new social
elite of wealth
Social status also linked to honor in
war and occupations
Sumptuary laws
IV. Social Hierarchies
Gender Roles
Querelle des femmes
Mysonigist critiques prompted
authors to defend women
Christine de Pizan
Debate about female rulers
IV. Social Hierarchies
Gender Roles
“True” men were married heads of
household
Women were “married or to be
married”
Disorder in the gender hierarchy was
linked with social upheaval and
threatening
Gender hierarchy viewed as the most
“natural” social hierarchy
V. Politics and the State
in Western Europe
France
Charles VIII (r. 1422 – 1461)
Expelled English, reorganized royal
council, strengthened royal
finances
Created the first permanent royal
army
Louis XI (r. 1461 – 1483)
Marriage of Louis XII (r. 1498 – 1515)
to Anne of Brittany further
enlarged the state of France
The Concordat of Bologna in 1516
V. Politics and the State
in Western Europe
England
Henry IV (r. 1399 – 1413)
Machiavellian methods
Foreign diplomacy
Henry VII’s royal council
The Court of Star Chamber
Henry VII died in 1509
V. Politics and the State
in Western Europe
Spain
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of
Aragon
Entry into Granada; the end of the
reconquista
Resentment of Jewish influence and
wealth
Anti-Semitic progroms
Conversos, or New Christians
Inquisition established in 1478
V. Politics and the State
in Western Europe
Spain
7. Officials claimed that Jews could
never be true Christians
8. “Purity of blood” laws
9. All practicing Jews expelled from
Spain (1492)
10. Muslims in Granada were forcibly
baptized and investigated by the
Inquisition
11. Absolute religious orthodoxy and
purity of blood
12. Portugal joined to the Spanish
crown in 1580