Chapter 37 Key Terms
This Chapter looks at the end of Empires. We have seen empires been built, now we
will see them fall!
Independence in Asia
Split of India: Muhammed Ali Jinnah Leader of the Muslim League wanted a separate
Muslim state. While Ghandi and Jawaharial Nehru urged for a unified nation.
However, in the end, India was divided between India and Islamic Pakistan.
Nonalignment: independent from US or Soviet influence. Emerging countries tried
to follow this.
Vietnam: Communist leader Ho Chi Minh leads defeat of French at the battle of
Dienbienphu helped by general Vo Nguyen Giap. After, Vietnam was split between
North (Communist) and South (democratic. President Johnson escalated a war in
support of the South against the communists. The war was tougher than the
Americans thought it would be and they eventually turned the war over to the South
via Vietnamization under president Nixon.
Middle East:
Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan gain independence
Palestine: split between Arab and Jewish states, First war in 1948 followed
by several others, Israel usually victorious, leading to areas of Arabs l
living under Jewish control. Still a area of conflict today.
Egypt: Gamal Abdel Nasser was the symbolic leader of the Middle East,
strengthened by his political victory in the 1956 Suez Crisis.
Africa:
France kicked out of Algeria by the FLN in 1962, Frantz Fanon was a hero
Negritude (Blackness) African Nationalism, many countries moved towards
independence. However, independence often led to civil war
Kwame Nkrumah-Ghana independence from Britain
Kenya-Kikuyu rebels gain independence from Britain by 1963
South Africa-system of Apartheid (segregation) was overthrown by Nelson
Mendela and the African National Congress with hel from F.W. de
Klerk by 1994.
China: Under Mao Zedong tried to modernize with the Great Leap Forward, didn’t
work. Mao also tried to purge the Communist party with the Great
Proletarian Revolution. Deng Xiaoping took over after Mao, opened China a
bit more, but events in Tiananmen Square in 1989 showed China was still
anti democracy.
India: Indira Gandhi (not related) leads India, but had problems esp. overpopulation
and poverty.
Iran: 1979 revolution put Islamic government in control. Then in the 1980s Iran
had a long, deadly war with Iraq, which was controlled by Saddam Hussein
Africa: legacy of Imperialism was many brutal dictators Organization of African
Unity tried to deal with this.
Mexico: some reforms like nationalizing Oil, but still one party and prosperity was
enjoyed by the elite much more than poor.
Argentina: Popular Dictator Juan Peron and his wife Evita rules until harsher
dictators take over.
Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN) in Nicaragua The FSLN: showed
women could participate in revolutionary government
Chapter 38 Key Terms
This Chapter ties up all the loose ends and brings us up to date!
End of the Cold war: Ronald Reagan raised defense spending and Mikhail
Gorbachev realized that the USSR could not keep up. Gorbochev started
political (Glasnost) and economic (perestroika) reforms. Reagan and
Gorbochev became friends and worked towards peace. The Reforms led to
the fall of communism
Lech Walesa: Led movement for democracy in Poland
Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia’s peaceful switch to democracy
Nicolae Ceausescu: Romanian leader who resisted change, only place where
real violence took place
Berlin Wall: Was very symbolic when it collapsed in 1990. Then East and
West Germany were unified.
Globalization: Removal of borders in a general sense, both economy and culture.
Pay attention to the pros and cons of Globalization when reading!
Free Trade: World Trade Organization WTO removal of tariffs and other
barriers to trade.
OPEC: Oil group.
European Union: EU. Unified European economy
Technology has allowed Globalization to increase!
Poverty, Disease (HIV/AIDS), overpopulation and Human Rights violations
all modern problems
September 11: al-Qaeda (headed by Osama bin Laden) attacked World Trade
Center. The US responded by attacking Afghanistan where al-Qaeda
was based and tried to overthrow the Taliban, the government of
Afghanistan who let al-Qaeda stay there.
Feminism: Movement for more equality between men and women. Leaders:
Indira Gandi: India
Benazir Bhuto: Pakistan
Aung San Suu Kyi: Myanmar (Burma)
That is all folks!
Chapter 33 Key Terms
This chapter looks and the causes and effects of the First World War, often called the
Great War or World War One.
Causes: The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the immediate cause,
but the issue is much more complex. The real underlying causes of the war:
-Nationalism: Each country had pride and thought that they were the best
country and they wanted to prove it
Navies: each wanted to have the strongest navy
Colonies: rivalry over colonies (and money) led to conflict
-Alliances: countries vowed to protect one and other if they were attacked
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
Allies: Britain, France and Russia
Schlieffen plan: Because Germany was surrounded; in order to win
they felt they had to attack first, Germans thought it would be
Easiest to attack France first
War: After Ferdinand was assassinated; Austria-Hungary blamed the Russians for
his death. Russians feared they might be attacked, so they moved their army
towards Austria’s border. Because Germany is an ally of Austria, Germany took this
movement as a threat, and as a result declared war and attacked. Complicated, I
know!
The Western Front: Instead of an easy victory, both sides were not able to
beat the other. Instead, they dug in all along the French/German
border. Machine guns made killing very easy.
-No man’s land: area between the trenches where you would
die if you entered!
-Gas, Tanks and Airplanes also used
Fighting all over the world, Eastern Front and the Middle East (Galipoli) and
Japan fought as well in the East
Total war: Because the War was so big, everyone had to help out. Civilians
could be killed, as they were the ones making the weapons. Women
helped worked in factories and as nurses…would help w/ right to vote
Armenian Genocide: 1 million Armenians killed by the Ottoman Empire
Sykes-Picot Treaty: An agreement on how France and Britain would divide
up territory they won
Balfour Declaration-Britain would support and Jewish homeland in Palestine
Russian Revolution: Russia gets out of war to fight Communist Revolution with the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Communists, led by Lenin eventually win
America enters the war on the sides of the allies, influenced by submarine warfare
that killed civilians and the Zimmermann telegram that tried to get Mexico to attack
the US. With America’s help and Germany being blockaded by the English Navy, the
allies win the war.
8.5 Million people were killed in the war, in addition to perhaps 20 million
who were killed by influenza in 1918-19, plus millions injured
Peace treaty signed in Paris called the Treaty of Versailles
Woodrow Wilson, US President wanted the Fourteen Points accepted, which
would try to prevent future wars, but instead France and England took over
much territory under the “Mandate System”. The League of Nations was set
up to prevent new wars, but it was very weak and didn’t do anything.
Chapter 35 Key Terms
This Chapter looks at the Second World War and the Cold War.
Leading up to the war
Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan) vs. Allies (British, Russians, US)
War actually started when Japan invaded China, atrocities were committed,
Esp the “Rape of Nanjing”
Benito Mussolini-Fascist leader of Italy, attacks Ethiopia
Germany-Adolph Hitler unifies Germany and Austria (Anschluss) and moves army
into Sudetenland.
Munich Conference: Appeasement, give Germany Czechoslovakia and Hitler says he
won’t expand any more…an obvious lie.
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: Both said they would not attack each other.
Another lie
World War Two
Germany invades Poland in September of 1939 (Blitzkrieg…lighting war) and then
quickly take over much of Western Europe by 1940. Germany wante Lebensraumliving space
Battle of Britain: Air Battle in which Britain defeats the German Air Force,
preventing Germany from invading England.
Operation Barbarossa-German invasion of Russia in 1941, Germany has success
until Russians turn them away at the Battle of Stalingrad
Pearl Harbor-Japan surprise air strike on US Navy base. Japan thought they would
eventually fight the US, and best chance at victory was to cripple the US Navy.
Japan had early victories, including defeating the US in the Philippines.
Allies gain victory in Europe, American and English land in France on DDay, and
meet Russians in Germany in May of 1945. Hilter kills self.
Allies have victories against Japan on the Islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, but takes
firebombing and Atomic bomb drops on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to make
Japan surrender.
Collaboration and Resistance both occurred in occupied areas
Holocaust-approx 6 million Jews and 5 million others killed by the Germans as the
“Final Solution” …at first they were killed randomly, but later it was much
more organized and camps such as Auschwitz were used. Showed how
racist the Nazis are. Jews tried to resist, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
of 1943.
Women-served in the military such as WASPS and WAVES in the US, and worked in
factories (Rosie the Riveters). However, they also worked as “Comfort
Women”…prostitutes.
The Cold War: Period of tension between the US (and its Allies: NATO) and the
Soviet Union (and its allies: Warsaw Pact) 1945-91ish.
The Truman Doctrine-The US would prevent the spread of Communism
Marshall Plan-Give aid to countries destroyed in WWII to help them
rebuild…thinking that a country with a strong economy would not turn to
Communism.
Germany gets divided (East Communist) and so does Berlin, in 1948 the communist
cut off West Berlin and the US supply the whole city by Air. Close to war. A
wall was put around West Berlin in 1961 to keep people from going there to
escape Communism.
In the US there was much fear of Communism, as shown by the Joseph McCarthy
hearings, where people’s lives would be ruined when they were accused
(wrongly) of being commies.
Korean War-North Korea (Supported by China and USSR) invaded South Korea
(Supported by US)…original borders established at end of fighting.
Cuba-Cold War hot point, location of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile
Crisis…closest the US and USSR came to blowing each other up.
Prague Spring-In Czechoslovakia when Czechs tried to become more democratic,
Soviets invaded, showed Soviet control over their allies.
Détente-Better relations between the US and USSR around 1970-75
Chapter 35 Key Terms
This Chapter looks at the changes in Asia, Africa and Latin America during the
interwar period. In particular, it looks at how these countries tried to get
independence from colonial powers.
India-Mohandas Gandhi-urged peaceful resistance against the British to get home
rule, and worked to end the caste system that divided the country.
-India act-1935 started to give India independence, but did not work because
of tensions between Hindus and Muslims
China-in Qing Empire fell after a revolution and Sun Yatsen became president in
1912, but the country was still not totally unified
– -May Fourth Movement-wanted to get rid of colonial influences
– -Mao Zedong-Would take over the Chinese Communist Party
– -There would be a long Civil War between the Communists and
Guomindang (Nationalists-anti-communists)
Japan-became more militaristic and got into a war with China after the “Mukden
Incident” which was a ploy by Japan to declare war on china. The Japanese took
Manchuria from the Chinese and the League of Nations did nothing.
Africa-
–
WWI many Africans were forced to serve in European Armies. Fighting
also took place in African colonies
Colonial economy relied on Agriculture and mining
Colonialism let a rise to a new African Elite who would eventually led the
march for independence, such as Jomo Kenyatta
Pan-Africanism-unify Africa as one country under native control.
W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey supported Pan-Africanism
Latin America-communists revolutionist ideas would have an influence here
– José Carlos Mariátegui worked for the poor in Peru
– Diego Rivera-artist who portrayed the workers and indigenous people in
a positive light and was anti imperialist
– The United States tried to control economies of Latin America: “Dollar
Diplomacy”
– Good Neighbor Policy-less intervention in Latin America by the United
States during the Great Depression
– But the US still supported Anastacio Somoza Garcia in Nicaragua, who
was a brutal dictator
– Lázaro Cárdenas- leader of Mexico who nationalized the oil industry,
which upset foreign investors who had controlled it
– Carmen Miranda-movie star who raised the image of Latin America in the
US.