Because we are wrapping up and the semester is coming to a close, I’d like to give you an opportunity to think back about the content that we’ve covered this semester. For Critical Thinking #5, I’d like you to reflect on these questions: What is something that you think you’ll take away from this class that will be useful to you in your personal or professional life (presently or in the future)? How so? You can reflect on a concept, a term, an idea, etc. –anything that really hit home and stuck with you– and respond to those questions in approximately 2 paragraphs. In grading this assignment, I will be looking for a genuine and meaningful response. This assignment should feel good to complete, as you’ll get to think about and write about something important that you got out of this class and will take with you on your journey. It will be helpful for me, too, because reading your responses will help me see what concepts you think are most applicable and will help me focus on those for students in future semesters. I am looking forward to reading these. A thoughtful, genuine, well-formed response will earn full credit.
Bellow I inculded Some tops that I Learn about this semester please include it.
Socialization
Social Psychology
SYP3000
Christina Partin
1
Socialization
• Key question: Are you the person you are
because of your genetics, or because of the
environment you were raised in?
• Nature vs. Nurture argument
© Christina Partin
1
• Feral children (children raised in the
wild) tend to act less human and
more animalistic
• Ex. Genie, “The Wild Child”
Becoming a Social Being
Phases of Socialization:
• ____________ ‐ ways the newborn individual
is molded into a social being.
• ____________ ‐ occurs as a child is influenced
by adults and peers outside the family.
• ____________ ‐ when a person learns the
norms associated with specific adult statuses.
© Christina Partin
2
Theories of Socialization
• Behaviorism‐ states that people learn from a
system _______________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
B. F. Skinner
• Rewards & punishments teach behavior
Behaviorism
© Christina Partin
3
Ivan Pavlov
• Rewards & punishments can teach
____________________________
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/pavlov/index.html
Behaviorism
John Watson
• You can teach ________________, like
________________________
Behaviorism
© Christina Partin
4
• PROBLEM (with behaviorism): How do you
figure out the ________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________??
• Rewards and punishments
must be ________________,
otherwise you will create
learned helplessness, where
the learner _____________
__________________________
__________________________
_________________________.
© Christina Partin
5
________________________
• Children learn by mimicking… so
according to this theory you
should expose your children only
to role models that you want
them to take after
_______________________________
• Developed by child psychologist Jean Piaget
• The brain grows and matures just like any
other organ.
• You have to introduce socialization when the
brain is ready for it, otherwise it won’t work.
© Christina Partin
6
Stages in Cognitive Development
• Stage 1: The Sensory‐Motor Stage: (ages)
_____‐________. Children are incapable of
abstract thought.
• Stage 2: Preoperational Thought Stage‐
18mo‐7yrs. Would be able to engage in
abstract thought, but could not _________
___________________________________
___________________________________.
• (The child has learned how to count, but
does not know how to move the object
forward on a board game to correspond
with the counting.)
© Christina Partin
7
• Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage‐ 7yrs‐
11yrs. Could relate two abstract objects, like
shape and size, but would not be able to
engage in hypotheticals.
• Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage‐ (age)
________ and up: Can understand
hypothetical statements
© Christina Partin
8
Internalization
• The process by which something moves form
the conscious (you have to think about
something to do it) to the subconscious mind
(you can do it without thinking about it).
• Studies show that ______________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Agents of Socialization
• ________ – primary agent of socialization.
• ________ – most important agent outside
the family.
• ________ – involved in socialization in
different ways throughout an individual’s
lifetime.
• _____________ – the dominant agent in
middle and late adulthood.
• _____________- most ____________
agent in American society.
© Christina Partin
9
Continuity/Discontinuity Theory
• Agreement between agents of socialization is
continuity
• Disagreement between agents is discontinuity
• Socialization works best if ________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________,
which is ________________.
© Christina Partin
10
Identity and The Self
Social Psychology
SYP3000
Christina Partin
What is “The Self”
• “The Self” is difficult to define. It’s not
biological, but rather, our socialized illusion
about who we are.
• Mead – “The Self” arises from social experience
and ______________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________.
© Christina Partin
1
The Generalized Other- refers to the idea
that everyone has, in their self-concept,
the standards and expectations of society
(George Herbert Mead).
Roles
• Roles- __________________________
in a given situation, or position.
This woman has at least two roles–
she is a chef and a mother!
© Christina Partin
2
• Role _________- when you have two or
more roles with contradictory expectations.
• Role _________- when one role is
competing for your attention.
• _______________- the expectation that
our behavior will be a certain way based on
our gender.
Self-Awareness
• When an individual thinks about their self and
evaluates and compares their external behaviors
to their internal standards and values.
© Christina Partin
3
Self-Concept – your own idea about
who you are and what you are like.
Self-Presentation
• Erving Goffman – essence of “the self” is
found in interaction; image of one’s “self” is
dependent on the willingness of others to “go
along” with the performance one is giving
• Do you recognize…
• Now?
How about…
• Do you recognize…
• Now?
© Christina Partin
4
Representation
of Self
• We present our
“self” differently
depending on ___
____________.
(Think of how you
act with your
family, as opposed
to with your
friends!)
On the
Internet,
nobody knows
you’re a dog!
Self-Esteem
• Refers to how ________________
__________________________
himself or herself.
▫ High self-esteem- people view
themselves very favorably (“I am
great!”)
▫ Low self-esteem- people view
themselves as average (“I am so-so.”)
I just love this
painting!
• Having self-esteem- good or bad?
© Christina Partin
5
Notion of Symbolic Interactionism
Self Actualization- developed in the 1950s
by Abraham Maslow- says that we all have
a greater psychological potential than we
realize.
If we could SELF-ACTUALIZE, we
could do great things.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- in order to
actualize a higher level of psychology, you
first have to take care of ________________
____________________________________
____________________________________.
Lowest level would be food, shelter would
be a little higher, and justice and social
equity are on the top of the pyramid.
© Christina Partin
6
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Peak
Experiences
Self‐
Actualization
Psychological Needs
Safety Needs (Comfort)
Basic Needs (Survival)
Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 1954
Material Self – relates to physical items
that people call “mine.” For example,
my arms and legs as well as my children,
my car, etc.
The image that you have about your body
reflects on how you perceive yourself in the
world.
Involves how you see you self in the
world in relation to your body.
© Christina Partin
7
Looking-Glass Self
• Term coined by Charles Horton Cooley.
• People learn about themselves from ________
_________________________________.
▫ You imagine how you appear to others
▫ You imagine how others will ______________
▫ You develop an emotional response (pride or
shame)
Introspection
• When an individual examines qualities of
themselves, as well as their own thoughts,
feelings, and motives.
• Necessary when forming “self”; we must
evaluate other people’s impressions or reactions
to us in order to form “the self”
© Christina Partin
8
Social Comparison
• People learn about themselves by comparing
_________________________________
_________________________________.
• Body Image?
Self-Serving Bias
• A form of self-deception when interpreting
events…
• People tend to take ___________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________.
© Christina Partin
9
Self Schemas
• On a blank piece of paper draw a circle that
represents your “self” and label it “self.”
• Now draw the people who you think are
important in helping you shape your “self” as
circle on the page and label them with their
names.
• Also, draw your boss and coworkers.
© Christina Partin
10
Individual vs. Collective Societies
• What type of society you live in effects how “self”
develops
• Individualist: primarily define “the self” by
examining _________________________.
• Collectivist: primarily define “the self” by
examining _________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________.
© Christina Partin
11
Identity and The Self
Social Psychology
SYP3000
Christina Partin
What is “The Self”
• “The Self” is difficult to define. It’s not
biological, but rather, our socialized illusion
about who we are.
• Mead – “The Self” arises from social experience
and ______________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________.
© Christina Partin
1
The Generalized Other- refers to the idea
that everyone has, in their self-concept,
the standards and expectations of society
(George Herbert Mead).
Roles
• Roles- __________________________
in a given situation, or position.
This woman has at least two roles–
she is a chef and a mother!
© Christina Partin
2
• Role _________- when you have two or
more roles with contradictory expectations.
• Role _________- when one role is
competing for your attention.
• _______________- the expectation that
our behavior will be a certain way based on
our gender.
Self-Awareness
• When an individual thinks about their self and
evaluates and compares their external behaviors
to their internal standards and values.
© Christina Partin
3
Self-Concept – your own idea about
who you are and what you are like.
Self-Presentation
• Erving Goffman – essence of “the self” is
found in interaction; image of one’s “self” is
dependent on the willingness of others to “go
along” with the performance one is giving
• Do you recognize…
• Now?
How about…
• Do you recognize…
• Now?
© Christina Partin
4
Representation
of Self
• We present our
“self” differently
depending on ___
____________.
(Think of how you
act with your
family, as opposed
to with your
friends!)
On the
Internet,
nobody knows
you’re a dog!
Self-Esteem
• Refers to how ________________
__________________________
himself or herself.
▫ High self-esteem- people view
themselves very favorably (“I am
great!”)
▫ Low self-esteem- people view
themselves as average (“I am so-so.”)
I just love this
painting!
• Having self-esteem- good or bad?
© Christina Partin
5
Notion of Symbolic Interactionism
Self Actualization- developed in the 1950s
by Abraham Maslow- says that we all have
a greater psychological potential than we
realize.
If we could SELF-ACTUALIZE, we
could do great things.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- in order to
actualize a higher level of psychology, you
first have to take care of ________________
____________________________________
____________________________________.
Lowest level would be food, shelter would
be a little higher, and justice and social
equity are on the top of the pyramid.
© Christina Partin
6
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Peak
Experiences
Self‐
Actualization
Psychological Needs
Safety Needs (Comfort)
Basic Needs (Survival)
Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 1954
Material Self – relates to physical items
that people call “mine.” For example,
my arms and legs as well as my children,
my car, etc.
The image that you have about your body
reflects on how you perceive yourself in the
world.
Involves how you see you self in the
world in relation to your body.
© Christina Partin
7
Looking-Glass Self
• Term coined by Charles Horton Cooley.
• People learn about themselves from ________
_________________________________.
▫ You imagine how you appear to others
▫ You imagine how others will ______________
▫ You develop an emotional response (pride or
shame)
Introspection
• When an individual examines qualities of
themselves, as well as their own thoughts,
feelings, and motives.
• Necessary when forming “self”; we must
evaluate other people’s impressions or reactions
to us in order to form “the self”
© Christina Partin
8
Social Comparison
• People learn about themselves by comparing
_________________________________
_________________________________.
• Body Image?
Self-Serving Bias
• A form of self-deception when interpreting
events…
• People tend to take ___________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________.
© Christina Partin
9
Self Schemas
• On a blank piece of paper draw a circle that
represents your “self” and label it “self.”
• Now draw the people who you think are
important in helping you shape your “self” as
circle on the page and label them with their
names.
• Also, draw your boss and coworkers.
© Christina Partin
10
Individual vs. Collective Societies
• What type of society you live in effects how “self”
develops
• Individualist: primarily define “the self” by
examining _________________________.
• Collectivist: primarily define “the self” by
examining _________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________.
© Christina Partin
11