MethodologySeminar xDoc3.odtAviationInvestigationsLecture-Methodology
Aviation
Investigations – Methodology
Activity One- Using the questions below as a guide, write down your methodology in your own words keeping it simple and easy to understand
COVER ALL 5
Design- What type of research did you use and why?
Construction- What different types of research did you collect?
How did you find research? Where did you find it? What were your search terms?
Sample – What research was better than others & why do you think that? Did you have some criteria?
Procedure – What did you do with the research- how did you summarise and organise it? Did you follow a process?
Data Analysis – What do you plan do with all this research?
Activity Two- Read through the methodology below and mark the methodology below based on the following grading criteria
Based on the criteria below give the methodology an overall grade / 2 x strengths / 2 x areas for improvement
Grade |
Unsatisfactory (29% and below) |
Weak (Fail- 39% and below) |
Basic (40%-49%) |
Competent (50%-59%) |
Good/ Very Good (60%-69%) |
Excellent (70%-100%) |
Methodology Criteria |
Not attempted |
Unclear Methodology Plan |
Sufficient detail to suggest how data can be gathered and used |
Most sections of methodology included. Reasonable decisions/planning evident. Sufficient detail for someone else to carry out the research |
All 5 sections of methodology covered. Some justification of choices made |
All 5 sections of methodology covered. Detailed justification of choices with supporting references |
Key questions to ask yourself when marking the methodology-
· Does the methodology make sense? Can you understand it?
· Does the methodology have a structure?
· Does the student support their understanding of subjects with relevant theory, definitions and references?
· Does the methodology include references / justification of research methods used?
· Is there a set inclusion/exclusion criteria?
· Does the student explain how the research conducted will filter into further research?
Methodology: Secondary quantitative/qualitative
Research Design-
For the literature review, secondary research was used as it is readily available and much easier to gain access to. Secondary research can be cross-referenced which provides quality supporting data making it the best choice of research design. Qualitative data concentrates on studies, theories, statements, reflecting topics needed for certain age groups. According to Easterby-Smith, Thorpe, Jackson, and Lowe, philosophical thinking is fundamental to the conception of a research design and can influence the quality of the research process and the outcome. Furthermore, quantitative data is very useful too as the customer will benefit from various statistics. Secondary information is included to support qualitative and quantitative data by supporting evidence of theories relating to objectives that best suites areas of development. It was also the smarter choice as primary research involves a more hands on approach which would take much more time and isn’t a guarantee of the data you might need. The type of data collected for the literature review was both qualitative and quantitative data however the majority of the data was qualitative. There was no specific reason why qualitative data was used other than the information came from the library where the majority of data is books.
Method of construction: Throughout this review, the types of sources used to find the secondary data were academic textbooks, websites and some journal articles. These are all recommended sources used as they have reliable and credible information which cannot be questioned. The information collected in the secondary had to be considered carefully as some of these sources of information may have been biased. Online resources are easily accessible as it contains masses of information for a consumer. Books, journals, and official documents are very trustworthy, compared to blogs, adverts, and articles. Reason being is they can be misleading with little information to support their credibility. The search terms used for the collection of data were mixed and a variety of terms were used to generate effective results.
Sampling: The filters used to find the parameters for the research of the secondary sources are non-biased and based on the quality of the information, the validity of it – when the information was written. The suitability and reliability are also imperative to the sample as the information has to be relevant as well as useful to the research you are conducting. In terms of tourism, a lot of the information is legislation and regulations which were made quite recently and so the credibility will need to be checked using a set inclusion-exclusion criteria. The main filters used for data collection was date of publication and sources must be related to pop-up tourism.
Procedure: In terms of this research review, the ordering of the data used was done chronologically. This means it is put in order of when the article or website was published. For the literature review, the sources used are put in chronological order according to their year of publication. After this, Lots of Ideas were identified by reading the sources which were used to create an audit where different destinations were compared.
Analysis:
Data analysis helps to summarise and discover useful information in order to suggest recommendations. This is the process in which you interpret and summarise the data you have found. In terms of this literature review, the information used was used because of its common themes and how the data was put together in the first place.
Methodology Grade-
2 x Areas of Strength
2 x Areas for Improvement
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Lesson Objectives
Literature Review
Objectives
Methodology
Second Assignment
Aim
Rationale
What should your
Literature Review be?
Activity
Key Words
Literature Review
Opinions
Varied
Relevant
Current
Organise
BalancedFilter
Identify Themes
A methodology aims
to explain what
research methods
were used and why. It
also explains how
data is interpreted
(Patton, 2015)
Methodology
Have you ever written
a methodology
before?
Activity
Keep it Simple
Do not overcomplicate matters
Follow a logical order
Make sure it easy to understand
Methodology Tips
Construction
Design
Sample
Procedure
Analysis
Literature Review
Audit
Design
What type of research
did you use and why?
Primary Research (Field)
Surveys
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Field Research
Secondary Research (desk)
Academic Journals
Academic Textbooks
Market Research
News Articles
Government Reports
What type of data did you
collect and why?
Quantitative Data
Design
Qualitative Data
What specific types of
secondary data did you
collect and why?
Construction
Academic Textbook
Journal Articles
Websites
Online Blogs
News Articles
Market Research/
Reports
How do I find a wide
range of relevant
research/reading?
Industry Reports
Government Reports
Conference
Papers
Where did you find this data?
What processes or search terms
did you use to access data?
Construction
Access
Mintel
Which
Emerald Sage
Market Research/
Reports
Journal Articles
Science Direct Taylor & Francis
News Articles
BBC News
Economist
Independent
Industry Reports
UNWTO
SKIFT
Scholar CAPA
IATA
WTTC
The Guardian
Observer
Deloitte
EASA
Telegraph Flight Global
Refine
Key words
Key sources
Snowballing
How do you narrow down your research
to ensure that any data collected is not
biased?
INCLUSION EXCLUSION
CRITERIA
Sample
In relation to the secondary data you have collected, it is important to explain how you
evaluated whether that data was relevant to your specific research topic.
Secondary sources were chosen based on quality, validity, suitability and reliability
This is collectively known as your Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria- Example below- Evaluation Criteria
(ACROS)
✓ Authority- is the author an expert on the topic and qualified to write on the
topic? Type of Literature
✓ Currency- is the information up to date? Date of Publication
✓ Relevance- is the literature related to your subject area?
✓ Objectivity- is the literature balanced or is it biased?
✓ Supporting Evidence- is there any evidence in the text to support the
accuracy of what is being said
What did you do with the research?
How did you summarise and organise it?
Do you follow a process?
Procedure
Read Highlight Compare / Contrast Identify themes
In this section, you will need to explain
how you analysed the data you collected
from your literature review and how this
will filter into the construction of your
audit/framework for further research in
your second assignment
Content / Thematic
Analysis
Comparative Study
Read data closely / highlight key points
Evaluate different perspectives
Identify common themes
Themes used as criteria for further research
Compare / Contrast / Critique / Connect
Comparative Study (Audit of BHX)
Data Analysis Criteria British Airways Emirates Norwegian
Comfort (Seat / Legroom)
(Hunt and Truong, 2019)
Seat Pitch – 31
Width – 17.5 (BA, 2019)
Seat Pitch – 34
Width – 17-18 (Emirates, 2019)
Seat Pitch – 31-32
Width 17.2 (Norwegain Air, 2019)
Price/ Value
(Kapferer, 2012)
(YouGov, 2018)
Accused of charging
considerably more than rival
carriers on the same routes
(YouGov, 2018)
Launches low cost flight finder to
help customers find the
cheapest flights (YouGov, 2018)
YouGov purchase intent score
most improved among long haul
flyers on cost and price (Yougov,
2018)
In flight entertainment
(Hunt and Truong, 2019)
Voted number 15 in the worlds
best entertainment category
Skytrax awards (2019)
Voted number 1 in the worlds
best entertainment category
Skytrax awards (2019)
State of the art entertainment
system (Norwegian Air, 2019)
Inflight Catering
(Hunt and Truong, 2019)
BA brough back free snacks,
drinks and a four course meal in
2018 after previous cuts (BBC,
2019)
Consistently top rated cuisine
and choice. Free drinks and
snacks (BBC, 2019)
Meals are not included in
economy class unless customers
pay extra (BBC, 2019)
Infight Service – Cabin Crew
(Kapferer, 2012)
(YouGov, 2018)
Voted best cabin crew in the UK
by Skytrax (2019)
Voted number 11 best cabin
crew worldwide by Skytrax (2019)
Staff reviewed as pleasant,
friendly and helpful (2019)
Baggage Allowance
(Kapferer, 2012)
(Ebrahim et al, 2013)
23 kg check baggage
allowance on top of hand
luggage (2018)
25-kg-32kg depending on
destination travelling to(2018)
1 checked bag (50 pounds/23
kg) and Flex, Premium, and
PremiumFlex 2 bags (50
pounds/23 kg each)(2019)
Technology
(Gilliland, 2017)
By 2020 100 new aircrafts in fleet.
New interiors planned. By 2020
80% of long haul aircraft will be
equipped with Wi-Fi (BA, 2019)
Two thirds of the Emirates fleet
offer Wi-Fi. It is free for the first
two hours. (Emirates, 2019)
Offers free basic Wi-Fi on
transatlantic flights. Upgrades
are planned over the next few
years to equip all of the fleet.
(Norwegian, 2019)
Data Analysis
How do you plan to interpret the
data in order to propose
recommendations and conclude
your research?
The process of inspecting, summarising and
interpreting data to discover useful information in
order to suggest conclusions, make
recommendations to support decision making.
DATA ANALYSIS
Using the data you have obtained from your audit,
propose recommendations for each individual
theme on how you intend to enhance the
passenger experience using touchless travel at BHX
Comparative Study of BHX
Recommendations & Strategies
SWOT analysis of BHX
To achieve over 70% for your Methodology
All 5 sections of methodology covered.
Detailed justification of choices with
supporting references
Sufficient detail for someone else to carry
out the research
Simplify your writing – write for marks
References / Definitions / Theory/ Justification
Explain Inclusion /Exclusion Criteria
Oversell the research you have done –
varied perspectives
Explain Content Analysis / Comparative Study
Make reference to your audit / SWOT Analysis
Explain how you intend to make recommendations