I saw your use some sentence from proposal which I provided.
Can you change some words? Because I used turnitin. It has too much plagiarism like 27%. Hope you can change something.
It would not be too much work:)
Running head: ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
Asian American Immigration to the US
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
1
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
2
Table of Contents
Asian American Immigration to the US…………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US ………………………………………………………………………. 3
Background Information …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
DEMOGRAPHICS OF ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE US …………………………………………………………… 7
LOOKING CLOSELY AT THE 21ST CENTURY ASIAN AMERICANS ……………………………………….. 8
Asian American Population between 2000 and 2010 ……………………………………………………………………. 8
Distribution of Asians by State ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
Asian American Population from 2011 to 2015/Present………………………………………………………………. 16
Income, Poverty and Education of Asian Americans in the 21 Century…………………………………………. 21
Reasons for Immigration to America ………………………………………………………………………………………… 25
Challenges Asian Americans are Facing Today …………………………………………………………………………. 27
Benefits of Immigrating to the US ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
3
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
Background Information
Asians have inhabited and migrated to America as early as 16th century. The first notable
wave occurred in European colonization period where Spanish were shipping in foreigners as a
source of labor (Daniels, 2011). The immigration of Asians to the central Northern America
precludes the United States’ existence. The first Asian settlers on the continent of America were
the Filipino deserters the Spanish ships called “Manilamen” (Chi and Robinson). The Chinese
Filipinos were the first Asians who came to and settled in Mexico, the western hemisphere.
Eventually, the Filipino sailors became the first Asian settlers in the United States in around
1750s in the region that later became Louisiana. The Spanish and Briton brought in slaves from
India, Philippines, and China to the Caribbean, Peru Islands, and other southern America
countries later in around 1840 to fill up the shortage in slaves from Africa. The first settlements
of Asian American were California and Hawaii. However, large-scale Asian immigrations into
the United States happened in 1848 around the time when gold was found in America (Chi and
Robinson).
The Chinese enticed by dreams and tales of becoming rich on the Gold Mountain, which
later took the Chinese nickname, California, the rush for gold pulled many Chinese immigrants
into America. They came to find fortune and go back home wealthy and prosperous in addition
to running away from problems at home (Chi and Robinson). China was then rocked under the
Britain rule and violent conflicts that left millions of Chinese death. The 1839 war against the
great Britain similarly inflicted economic desolations in China (Chi and Robinson). Almost all of
these Chinese who moved to America were sojourners traveling to an alien land with the aim of
returning home after making enough money. Therefore, the first immigrants were nearly all men,
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
4
many of them with wives back home and with hopes of returning to their families once they get
rich.
First, the immigrants could easily support the Colonials since they did not have any
interest of independent. This is because the population in America by then was not very high,
and therefore, it was important for European colonies to look for people to work for them
especially in the mines and plantations. Some of the Asian immigrants especially the Chinese
settled as they were doing trade with the Spanish. Most of the immigrants were on contract work
either on the plantation or mines. Mining was the primary reason for colonizing America by
Spanish.
During this period, America was in a better economic position than Asia. It was also
more civilized considering that industrialization had started in Europe which was now colonizing
America (Sharon, 2014). The region had better trade connections and was making a trade with
Europe and some parts of Asia. Agriculture was doing well as it had incorporated the scientific
methods from Europe. There was plantation farming for coffee, cotton among others which
needed a lot of labor. At the same time, Asia was not doing well economically and had a high
population (Sharon, 2014). The land was productive, but Asia did not have good trade
connections to export and import thus leading to slow economic growth. The Chinese
government corroded with Spanish and European traders regularly because they refused to pay
taxes. The disagreements lead to sanction against some Asian goods and regions thus worsening
the economy.
The Native Americans had started disagreements with the colonial governments. Some
were busy fighting for independent and kept on convincing employees not to work for
foreigners. There was tension as native workers asked for higher salaries and better working
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
5
terms. The Hawaii saw an opportunity to obtain cheap labor from Asia. Sugarcane plantation
farmers imported some Asians and put them under working contract in the mid-1800s (Daniels,
2011). The government later signed a deal with Japanese in the late 19th century and early 1900s
(Daniels, 2011). The second group mostly consisted of family members of the immigrants who
were already in America and merchants.
The settlement of these immigrants was however not without resistance. Most these
Asian immigrants faced discrimination in the form of foreign miner tax, attacks, and murder.
Most of the Chinese immigrants had financed their travel into America using credit-ticket
systems, through the US hiring agencies which loaned them money to be paid back using the
earned wages (Chi and Robinson). The majority of the laborers made just enough to repay the
loans but not sufficient to send home to the wife resulting in gender imbalance became apparent
in Chinese American community. The above led to sex trafficking and burgeoning prostitution
industries in the Chinatowns. Simultaneously, progressive movement mirrored the mainstream
desire of the American public to police family, sexuality, and morality particularly within the
working class and immigrant communities. All of these factors together with the growing labor
and racial antagonism towards the Asians contributed to the enactment of Page Law in 1875 (Chi
and Robinson).
This law of Page prohibited particular immigrant classes from entering the US. One such
clause restricted Asia’s contract laborers, another prohibited convicts, while the third clause and
the most us military service clause denied US entrance for Asian prostitutes (Chi and Robinson).
However, plantation farmers and owners who were seeking for cheap labor somehow managed
to circumvent the most of those prescriptions, resulting in a historic high level of Chinese
American immigrants from 1875 to 1882. However, most Asian female immigrants were
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
6
significantly prohibited from entering America since immigration officials could not distinguish
women coming as brides of Asian Americans from prostitutes (Chi and Robinson). This law
gave rise to more extreme gender and demographic imbalance within the Asian Americans,
making it nearly impossible for any household culture to progress.
Chinatowns remained
bachelor societies, and gender imbalance in Asian American community was only rectified after
World War Two.
The Chinese who were the major group of immigrants faced a lot of discrimination in the
region. According to Daniel (2011), they were referred as ‘yellow peril.’ There were small scale
and large scale attacks. Rock Spring massacre is one of the attacks where native gold miners
killed around thirty Chinese miners (Daniels, 2011). The natives viewed them as barriers to their
success. They were the reason that the Europeans did not add an amount of wages because they
accepted small payment (Brown, and Foot, 2016). They also worked harder than the natives for
they wanted to keep their jobs hence those offering jobs preferred them. They were also seen as
peaceful by the employers because they were not fighting for independent as the natives. They
also did not have enough number as they were foreigners to carry out demonstrations thus could
not protest. The residents also felt that these immigrants were taking away the jobs that were
initially meant for Americans. They were, therefore, creating competition when looking for jobs.
Finally, they were creating population pressure to places they went and thus sharing the
resources meant for Americans. For example, they used health facilities and schools meant for
American children. This entire factor created enmity between the natives and the immigrants and
led to several fights. Another challenge was Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 which burns Chinese
immigration (Daniels, 2011). It only exempted merchants, students, and diplomats. The
probation ended after Second World War and allowed the Asians to migrate either temporally or
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
7
permanently in the United States with restriction of numbers. The mass migration started again
as there was a deficit of skilled labor in America due to the war. Today, Asian Americans make a
total of 5.6% of the American population.
The migration is not without some benefits despite the challenges. The immigrants were
able to send money back to their home country (Brown and Foot, 2016). They also got a chance
to school in America thus receiving a better education that enabled them to secure better jobs in
future. They also copied the good practice of development and technology and used it to develop
their home country. Therefore, the numbers and histories of immigrants from Asia, their reasons
for migration and their experiences in America might vary. As such, it important to study Asian
immigration to America and the challenges they currently face while in America.
DEMOGRAPHICS OF ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE US
More immigrants have entered the US from Asia more than other world regions in the
past decade, making them the fastest growing settler population in America. These immigrants
usually bring with them their diverse language skills, cultures, as well as demographic and
economic traits from different Asian countries plus Indian subcontinent. The Asian immigrant
community currently in America is diverse with Filipino, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese,
Korean and Indian being the top six populations of Asian immigrants. These groups make up
85% of the entire Asian immigrant’s population. Besides, these immigrants have greatly,
contributed to the general growth of the Asian population in U.S.A. The Asian immigrants have
since 2008 represented about 40% of America’s foreign-born population, about 13 percent
higher when compared with the 27% in 2005. At the same time, the larger percentage of Asians
in American today are foreign born, that is, 66% were born outside America in another country.
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
8
LOOKING CLOSELY AT THE 21ST CENTURY ASIAN AMERICANS
Asian American Population between 2000 and 2010
Fifty years ago, about 9.6 million of the people living in the USA were born outside
America. About 59 million foreign immigrants have since then come to America. However, the
current official population figure for the foreign-born immigrants is 45 million; a figure takes
into consideration those who have since died or left the United States. The Census Bureau of the
Us approximated the population of Asian Americans including the Hispanic, Latino and
multiracial ancestry to have increased to 18,205,898 as of 2011. During the census of 2010 in
America, there were, on overall, 17, 320,856 Asians in America counting the multiracial
Americans who identify as part of Asians (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). This number made the
Asian Americans is 5.6% of the total population in America. The leading ethnic groups that this
census represented were the Chinese who were 3.79 million, and the Filipinos were second with
a population of 3.42 million, followed by the Indians with a population of 3.18 million. The
Vietnamese ranked fourth, and they were about 1.73 million in figure, followed by the Koreans
who were 1.7 million, and then the Japanese, who were 1.3 million in number (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2010).
Other sizable Asian ethnic groups include the Pakistanis about 409,000, the Cambodians
(276,000), followed by the Hmong (260,000), the Thai (237,000), the Laotian (232,000), then the
Taiwanese (230,000), the Bangladeshis (147,000) and finally the Burmese (100,000). In the year
2000, the total Asian American population was 11,896,828 which grew to 17,320,856 by the
year 2011, a 46 percent increase in the span of 10 years. During 2000 to 2010, the increase in the
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
9
proportion of Asian Americans constituted the biggest rise of any major ethnic group. An
estimated 11,284,000 population of foreign-born individuals in the US in 2010 were born in
Asian, and 57.7 percent of them had been naturalized as citizens (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010).
Besides, 209,128 individuals were Latino and Hispanic, 101,654 of whom claim their country of
origin to be Mexico.
Figure 1: percentage Asian American population in 2000 to 2010
The US census of 2000 recorded 4.2% of the total Asian population (that is 11.9 million
people) who reported as being of either partial or full Asian heritage. The Chinese, Filipino,
Indian, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese were the largest racial subgroups with 2.7 million, 2.4
million, 1.9 million, 1.2 million and 1.1 million people, respectively. The other sizable ethnic
groups included the Cambodians, the Pakistanis, the Lao, the Hmong, and the Thais, with
206,000, 204,000, 198,000, 186,000, and 150,000 individuals, respectively (Hoeffel et al., 2012).
Approximately half of these Asian American populations lived in the West of US with California
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
10
containing the highest number of Asian Americans, 4.2 million people, compared to any other
state. However, as a percentage of the total American population, the only state that has the
majority of Asian Americans is the state of Hawaii with 58 percent of its total population being
of Asian origin. The county of Honolulu had the highest proportion of Asian Americans, 62
percent, compared to any other county in the state. 69% of the entire Asian American people
were foreign born in 2000, although the Japanese Americans, 60% of whom were US born
bucked this trend (Hoeffel et al., 2012).
Around 85% (14.7 million) of the 17.3 million Asians reported to be Asian without any
other race in the census of 2010, significantly more than the 15% (2.6 million) who reported to
be Asian plus one or more races (figure 2). Again, of the 2.6 million people who identified to be
Asian together with additional races, more than half of them (61% or 1.6 million) reported to be
Asian plus white (figure 2). The second largest Asian combination, 9 percent, were the Asian
plus some other race, followed by 7 percent Asian plus Black, 6 percent Asian plus Native
Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. The least (5 percent) Asian combination population were
Asians together with Native Hawaiian plus other Pacific Islander and White. These five
combinations together accounted for almost 90% of all the Asian population who reported to be
multiple races (Hoeffel et al., 2012). The Asians ranked the third largest proportion of the three
offices of management budget race groups reporting over one race. Most of the 0.6 million
individuals of Hispanic background who identified to be Asians alone or Asian in combination
recounted over one race, and this number was 65 percent. The most often reported combinations
among the Hispanics who reported to be Asians along one or extra races were 35% Asian plus
white and 27% Asian plus some other race. Besides, approximately 14% of the non-Hispanics
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
11
who reported to be Asians identified with multiple races. Two-thirds of these people identified as
Asian plus white combination (Hoeffel et al., 2012).
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
Figure 2: Percentage of Asians in combination population: 2000 and 2010
12
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
13
All the major races in the US increased from 2000 to 2010 but they all grew at various
rates with the population of Asians growing faster compared to any other group (Information on
national-level 2010). In that decade, the white alone population experienced the slowest growth
rate while the Asians alone experienced the fastest growth rate, over four times faster than the
total US population). The other groups’ growth rate spanned in between the growth rates of the
Asian and the white populations. The population of Asians alone-o-in-combination experienced a
slightly higher growth (by 60%) compared to the population of Asians alone (table 1) growing
by 46% from 11.9 million to 17.3 million (Hoeffel et al., 2012). Amongst those people who
identified to be Asians plus other additional races, the group of Asian plus White grew by 87%,
almost doubling in size from 868,000 million in 2000 to the 1.6 million recorded in 2010 (Table
1). This growth rate might have been spurred by more births from inter-racial marriages between
the White and Asians. So, the Asian plus White population exemplified the largest growth in the
Asian multiple race population. This group’s share of the multiple races Asians also grew
significantly to 61% from the 52% recorded previously (Hoeffel et al., 2012), figure 2.
The share of the Native Hawaiian plus other Pacific Islander and Asian population of
multiple race Asian decreased from 8% recorded in 2000 to 6% in 2010 (Hoeffel et al., 2012).
This could imply that in that span of 10 years, there were no new marriages taking place between
the two races and new children were not born out of the inter-racial marriages already in
existence. In addition to this, the decrease in this group of Asian people could also imply that
some of them have died since 2000 or have left the country by 2010. The population of Asians
plus Black people had their share of multiple race Asian group increase from 6% to 7% within
ten years probably due to new interracial marriages and new births out of those marriages.
However, the percentage of the Asians in combination with White, Native Hawaiian plus other
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
14
Pacific Islander remained constant, at 5% perhaps because no one had left the country or died
and new births were rare. The above trends could mean that the Asians were mingling and
intermarrying more with the Black compared to any other race in the US. Of the 27.3 million
individuals added into the total US population from 2000 to 2010, the population of white alone
made up only less than half of such growth, increasing by 12.1 million.
Race
Total population
Asian alone or in combination
Asian alone
Asian in combination
Asian; White
Asian; Some Other Race
Asian; Black or African
American
Asian; Native Hawaiian and
Other Pacific Islander
Asian; White; Native Hawaiian
and Other Pacific Islander
All other combinations
including Asian
Not Asian alone or in
combination
% of total
%of total
change, 2000
2000 popul
2010 popul
to 2010
%change
281,421,906
100 308,745,538
100 27,32,632
9.70
11,898,828
4.2 17,320,856
5.5
5,422,028
45.5
10,242,998
3.6 14,674,252
4.8
4,431,254
43.3
1,655,830
0.6
2,646,604
0.9
990,774
59.8
868,395
0.3
1,623,234
0.5
754,839
86.9
249,108
0.1
234,462
0.1
-14,646
-5.9
106,782 –
185,595
0.1
78,813
73.8
138,802 –
165,690
0.1
26,888
19.4
53,515
59.7
89,611 203,132
269,523,078
143,126 0.1
294,497
0.1
91,365
45
95.8 291,424,682
94.4
21,901,604
8.1
Table 1: Asian Population: 2000 and 2010
However, the population of Asians alone increased by 43% which was more than any
other major group of race. They had the second largest change in figures of 4.4 million, which
grew from 10.2 million recorded in 2000 into 14.7 million recorded in 2010 (US Census, 2011).
This could have been fueled by new immigrants from Asia arriving in US for various reasons
and new babies being born in this group more than any other group. This made the population of
Asian alone to gain the most in the share of the total US population by moving up from
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
15
approximately 4% to the 5.6% recorded in 2010 (Hoeffel et al., 2012). However, the Asian
population still continues being concentrated around the West with the Chinese being the largest
population of the Asian group in America.
Distribution of Asians by State
The Asian total population in the US grew by about 30% in all the states other than
Hawaii where the growth rate was 11 percent. Although Hawaii was the first settlement region
for the first Asian immigrants, it appears like by 2010, the Asians had preferred settling in more
urban centers than Hawaii. Again, some of the Asians in Hawaii had more moved to other states
within US in search for better lives. There were five states that experienced the top most growth
rate in Asian population which include Nevada (116%), Arizona (95%), North Carolina (85%),
North Dakota (85%), and Georgia (83%). This is because the Asian who first settled in Hawaii
had moved from agriculture and working in the plantations to more civilized jobs and others
were now schooling in these more enlightened regions. Besides, these very five states
experienced the highest increase in the population of Asians alone as well perhaps because new
immigrants from Asian were students who prefer to study in these states. However, the largest
population of Asians either alone or in combination with other races happened to be in New
York City as of 2010. New York had 1.1 million Asians, Los Angeles was second with 484,000
Asians, followed by California San Jose with 327,000 Asians, table 2. Three other states, San
Diego, San Francisco and Urban Honolulu had the total population of Asians above 200,000
people, table 2. The nine cities of California State also had a total Asian population of 100,000
people or more.
ASIAN AMERICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE US
State
Number of All Asian in 2010
San Diego