Final Exam Essay
Animal Nutrition
Instructions:
Answer the question.
Please note that all students are required to answer the question pertaining to the ruminant. Then the student can choose one of the remaining two animal choices. Be sure to include the question with the answer so that I can know which question you are answering. You cannot just give the number of the question. If the question is not included with the answer, I
WILL NOT
grade the answer. If you are in doubt as to whether specific information is needed, include it. I will not accept “I didn’t know that you wanted that information” as an excuse for leaving out information. Be sure to document the location of any information you obtained from additional sources on your answer sheets so that I can go to those sources and verify the information. Do not copy any information word-for word from these sources or utilize sources that are not documented on your answer sheets. All information MUST be in your own words for you to receive credit for the information. If any information is copied from another source or another student, or a sources is used that is not documented on the turned in answer sheet, the information may not be accepted, and the student may not receive any credit for the information.
You must submit your answers by email attachment to the following email (
cgilbert@ecok.edu
)
. Just make sure you receive a reply indicating that I received the email.
Answers are due electronically (email attachment only) by the start of finals week.
Question: For each of the following animals, a feed is listed. All students must answer this question for the ruminant (cow) and then can choose either of the other two animals to answer. For the animal – feed ingredient combination listed, fully describe each of the following.
1. All of the nutrients found in that feed ingredient. Include crude protein, lipids, carbohydrate types, vitamins, and minerals
2. Amount of each nutrient (in mass or percentage) found in that feed ingredient.
3. Location of the digestion of the feed. Be sure to include every location in the animal where the digestion of the feed would occur.
4. Absorption of each nutrient. Be sure to describe the absorption of different minerals, vitamins, types of carbohydrates, types of amino acids, and types of lipids separately. Also, be sure to describe at the molecular level how each nutrient is absorbed into the animal’s body and where that absorption would occur.
5. Transportation of each nutrient from the digestive tract to the animal’s cells
6. Utilization of each nutrient at the cellular level. In other words, what does the cell do with each nutrient.
Ruminant (cow) – late cut alfalfa hay (has not been ensiled)
Hindgut fermenter (horse) – barley (has not been ensiled)
Monogastric (pig) – fish meal
Exam 2 Essay
Animal Nutrition
Instructions:
Answer question #1 completely (all students). Of the remaining 8 questions (2-11), choose 3 to answer completely. Be sure to include the question with the answer so that I can know which question you are answering. You cannot just give the number of the question. If the question is not included with the answer, I
WILL NOT
grade the answer. In addition, I will grade only question #1 and the first 5 questions you answer in addition to #1. In other words, if you answer question #1 and 6 additional questions, I will not give any extra points, and I will grade only question #1 and the first 5 of the additional questions. If you are in doubt as to whether specific information is needed, include it. I will not accept “I didn’t know that you wanted that information” as an excuse for leaving out information. Be sure to document the location of any information you obtained from additional sources on your answer sheets so that I can go to those sources and verify the information. Do not copy any information word-for word from these sources or utilize sources that are not documented on your answer sheets. All information MUST be in your own words for you to receive credit for the information. If any information is copied from another source or another student, or a sources is used that is not documented on the turned in answer sheet, the information may not be accepted, and the student may not receive any credit for the information.
You must submit your answers by email attachment to the following email (
cgilbert@ecok.edu
)
. Just make sure you receive a reply indicating that I received the email.
Answers are due electronically before the start of finals week.
1. Provide the biochemical pathways (and a written description of each step of those pathways) that a dog can use to produce all non-essential amino acids. In other words, assume that the animal is not fed any non-essential amino acids. Show how the animal’s body/cells will produce those amino acids. The reactions MUST include the biochemical pathways and MUST be written using the structural formulas of all substrates, intermediates, and products.
2. Explain why there can be a greater number of different polysaccharide polymer structures than protein polymer structures even if only 20 monomers (monosaccharides or amino acids) are used for each polymer. Also, assume each polymer contains 100 total residues.
3. Explain the reason (at the molecular level) why humans cannot utilize cellulose and poultry litter as sources of nutrients very efficiently, but cattle can.
4. Describe the differences between a proteoglycan and a glycoprotein. Draw the principal components of a typical proteoglycan. Be sure the show the relationships and connection among the components in the sketch. Also, describe those relationships and connections in written form.
5. Describe the quality of each of the following grains as a feedstuff for poultry: corn, milo, wheat, and oats. Be sure to include energy contents, amino acid contents, fiber content, and digestibility for each grain. Also, give one negative aspect of each grain as it pertains to poultry. You cannot list deficiencies (such as amino acid deficiencies) as negative aspects.
6. Give at least one negative aspect for each of the following as a feed ingredient for poultry: molasses, cottonseed meal, raw soybeans, canola meal, peas, sorghum, sesame meal, safflower meal, linseed meal, silkworm pupae meal, fish meal, feather meal, blood meal, and lupins. You cannot list deficiencies (such as amino acid deficiencies) as negative aspects.
7. Describe at least three positive aspects of the following ingredients when used in horse feed: distillers dried grains, wheat middlings, oats, barley, beet pulp, soybean hulls, alfalfa hay, clover hay, peanut hay, and timothy grass. You cannot list “good source of protein” or “good source of carbohydrate” as aspects. You would need to be more specific as to the type of carbohydrates or amino acids. Also, you cannot just list 3 amino acids or carbohydrate structures found in the ingredient and count that as 3 positive aspects. That would count as only one aspect (2 aspects if you give the amino acids and the carbohydrates).
8. Explain at the molecular level how oats would be fully digested (do not include the fat composition), and how the molecules would be recycled and absorbed (or excreted if it is a waste product) by a cow. You need to include all parts of the oat grain in this explanation (again, do not include the fat composition). Also, you must include the names and the functions of the molecules involved in digestion and absorption, and /or movements of the digested molecules as the oats are broken down (digested), recycled, and absorbed (or excreted).
9. Explain at the molecular level how the following carbohydrate structures would be broken down (digested) and absorb (or excrete) in humans: Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose (in both lactose tolerant and lactose intolerant), starch (including the further breakdown of maltose), and glycogen. Be sure to include the enzymes involved in the breakdown of the carbohydrates and how those enzymes function.
E
xam 3 Essay
A
nimal Nutrition
I
nstructions:
Answer all three questions completely.
B
e sure to include the question with the answer so that I can know which question you are answering. You cannot just give the number of the question. If the question is not included with the answer, I
WILL NOT
grade the answer. If you are in doubt as to whether specific information is needed, include it. I will not accept “I didn’t know that you wanted that information” as an excuse for leaving out information. Be sure to document the location of any information you obtained from additional sources on your answer sheets so that I can go to those sources and verify the information.
D
o not copy any information word-for word from these sources or utilize sources that are not documented on your answer sheets. All information MUST be in your own words for you to receive credit for the information. If any information is copied from another source or another student, or a sources is used that is not documented on the turned in answer sheet, the information may not be accepted, and the student may not receive any credit for the information.
You must submit your answers by email attachment to the following email (
cgilbert@ecok.edu
)
.
J
ust make sure you receive a reply indicating that I received the email.
Answers are due electronically (email attachment only) by the start of finals week.
1. Each of the students has been assigned a triglyceride on the chart below. Using the triglyceride that has been assigned to you, determine and present the following information regarding the animal cell’s ability to obtain energy from the triglyceride molecule.
a. Total number of ATP’s that could theoretically be obtained from a complete breakdown (hydrolysis of ester bonds and beta oxidation of each fatty acid [
F
A]) of the triglyceride. Be sure to follow the molecules through all pertinent aspects of glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain (ET
C
). Also, assume that the cell will obtain 3 ATP’s for each NAD
H
entering the ETC and will obtain 2 ATP’s for each FADH2 entering the ETC.
b. The structural formula for each FA and the total number of carbons in each FA obtained from the hydrolysis of the ester bonds.
c. Total number of acetyl CoA’s produced through beta oxidation.
d. Total number of NADH’s produced from the oxidation of the triglyceride (be sure to consider NADH gained or lost from beta oxidation)
e. Total number of FADH2’s produced from the oxidation of the triglyceride (be sure to consider the FADH2’s gained or lost from beta oxidation)
f. The percent increase or decrease over the theoretical 36 ATP’s from 1 molecule of glucose.
Student |
Triacylglycerol |
Binita Khadka |
Trilauryl glycerol (trilaurin) |
2. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation for a vitamin or mineral that we did not discuss in class. The presentation should be designed for a non-scientific audience such as one associated with a community civic organization. In the presentation, be sure to address each of the following topics of the vitamin or mineral chosen.
a. What is a vitamin or mineral (whichever you chose for the presentation)?
b. Function of the vitamin or mineral chosen at a cellular level.
c. How could this vitamin or mineral be classified (fat soluble, water soluble, macromineral, micromineral).
d. Health result of a deficiency of the vitamin or mineral chosen.
e. Basic structure(s) of the vitamin or mineral chosen.
f. What food types contain the vitamin or mineral chosen?
g. Biological activity of the different structures of the vitamin or mineral chosen.
h. How the vitamin or mineral chosen is absorbed in the
G
I tract.
i. How the vitamin or mineral chosen is transported in the blood stream and/or lymphatic system.
j. Any synergism between or among the vitamin or mineral chosen and other nutrients in the diet. This synergism could be associated with absorption, transportation in the body, and function at the cellular level.
The rubric for grading the presentation is presented below.
Scoring Guide
Unacceptable: Information is missing or entirely incorrect
Approaching Expectations: Information is present and generally correct and Incorrect information is not overly important to the presentation; OR Information is present but Information is not presented in understandable fashion
Meets Acceptations: Information is present and entirely correct; AND Information is presented in a clearly understandable fashion
Exceeds Expectations: Information is present and entirely correct; AND Information is presented in a clearly understandable fashion; AND That part of the presentation is made in an interesting fashion
Material Covered |
Unacceptable |
Approaching Expectations |
Meets Expectations |
Exceeds Expectations |
|||||||||||||||
A |
0 |
1 2 3 4 |
5 6 7 8 |
9 10 11 12 |
|||||||||||||||
B |
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
7 8 9 10 11 12 |
13 14 15 16 17 18 |
||||||||||||||||
C |
1 2 3 4 |
5 6 7 8 | |||||||||||||||||
D |
1 2 3 4 |
||||||||||||||||||
E | |||||||||||||||||||
F |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 |
||||||||||||||||
G | |||||||||||||||||||
H | |||||||||||||||||||
I | |||||||||||||||||||
J |
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
||||||||||||||||||
TOTAL |
3. Attach a picture of a cat food ingredient label to the document with this answer. Be sure it shows all vitamins and minerals that have been supplemented in the food. List each of the vitamins and minerals. Also describe the functions of those vitamins and minerals in the body of a cat. The picture of the label MUST be attached to the document submitted with the answer. I will NOT accept a separate attachment of the picture. The picture and the rest of the answer must be on the same document.