20180312225154comm_essay
Your reflection paper should be 2 pages, typed, double-spaced, size 12 font, with one inch margins all around, and in essay format. DO NOT just list answers to the questions (should be in essay format).
Answer the following questions in your reflection paper:
Review the “Common Tendencies in Perception” section in Chapter 4 of your powerpoint or eBook and choose three to discuss. Think of a time when you have experienced each one. Briefly describe each experience. What were the outcomes? Would they have been different if the common tendency hadn’t played a part in your perception?
Perceiving Others
CHAPTER 4
THE PERCEPTION
PROCESS
Section 1
Interplay
The Perception Process
Reality is constructed
First-order realities
Physically observable qualities of a thing or situation
Second-order realities
Attaching meaning to first-order things or situations
Second-order realities don’t reside in objects or events but rather
in our minds
Steps in the Perception Process
Selection
We “select” which data we will attend to
How does the following stimuli influence
our selections?
Intensity
Repetition
Contrast
Steps in the Perception Process
Organization
Perceptual Schema
Physical constructs
Role constructs
Interaction constructs
Psychological constructs
How are these constructs used to
organize information?
Steps in the Perception Process
Interpretation: Attaching meaning to data
Considerations:
Relational satisfaction
Expectations
Personal experience
Assumptions about human behavior
Negotiation: Process by which communicators influence each other’s
perceptions through communication
Narratives: Personal stories created to make sense of our personal world
INFLUENCES
ON PERCEPTION
Section 2
Interplay
Influences on Perception
How we select, organize, interpret, and negotiate data is influenced by:
Access to information
Physiological influences
The senses
Age
Health and fatigue
Biological cycles
Hunger
Neurobehavioral challenges
Psychological Influences
How we select, organize, interpret, and
negotiate data is also influenced by:
Psychological influences
Mood
Self-concept
Social influences
Sex and gender roles
Occupational roles
Relational roles
Cultural Influences
Culture influences selection, organization,
interpretation, and negotiation.
Provide an example of a cultural difference
influencing perception. What other cultural
norms and values (covered in Interplay,
Chapter 2) may influence perceptions?
COMMON TENDENCIES
IN PERCEPTION
Section 3
Interplay
Common Tendencies in Perception
We make snap judgments
Stereotyping: Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system
Three characteristics:
Categorizing others on the basis of easily recognizable but not necessarily
significant characteristics
Ascribing a set of characteristics to most or all members of a group
Applying the generalizations to a particular person
Common Tendencies in Perception
We cling to first impressions
Primacy effect: Tendency to pay more attention to and recall things that
happen first
Halo effect: Tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person
on the basis of one positive characteristic
Confirmation bias: We seek out and organize our impressions to support
an opinion
Common Tendencies in Perception
We judge ourselves more charitably than we
do others
Self-serving bias
We are influenced by our expectations
We are influenced by the obvious
We assume others are like us
SYNCHRONIZING
OUR PERCEPTIONS
Section 4
Interplay
Perception Checking
Three parts:
Describe the behavior you noticed.
Consider at least two possible interpretations of the behavior.
Request clarification about how to interpret the behavior.
Building Empathy
Empathy defined
Ability to re-create another person’s perspective, to
experience the world from his/her point of view
Experiencing Empathy
Interact with others
Empathy and Ethics
Bystanders who feel empathy are
more likely to intervene
Treatment for offenders involves
instilling empathy
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