Antecedents of cognitive psychology include structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. B. F. Skinner was a famous behaviorist and believed that all animal and human behavior could be explained in terms of operant conditioning (the use of reward and punishment). He thought that if something was not observable, it could not be studied. Therefore, he was not concerned with internal thought processes but with observable actions.
- Compare and contrast the three antecedents to cognitive psychology and explain which one you think had the most influence on the development of cognitive psychology.
- Explain Skinner’s general views to learning and conditioning. Do you agree with Skinner’s views? Why or why not? Provide some examples of rewards and punishment and how those are explained in terms Skinner’s views on operant conditioning.
i attached 2 students response to this discussion as examples, please also in 3 to 4 sentences respond to students response
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valarie-student2 response to discussion
Compare and contrast the three antecedents to cognitive psychology and explain which one you think had the most influence on the development of cognitive psychology.
Behaviorism, functionalism, and structuralism are the three primary approaches of cognitive psychology. Behaviorism is the study of outward, visible behaviors. People perform or do not implement specific behaviors based on incentives and penalties, not necessarily morality or mental processes, according to this viewpoint. The how and why of the human mind are central to functionalism. What we do and why we feel compelled to do it. Our mental functions. Structuralism is exactly what it sounds like: it is concerned with the structure of the brain and how various parts interact to form a whole. When a person sees a picture, structuralism posits that the stimulus is broken down into a million parts, each of which is absorbed at the same time yet separately to form a full component, the picture. When it comes to deciding which of the two theories was more influential, I lean toward structuralism. This one attracted me because of the structure of cognitive psychology itself. Structuralism arrived first, paving the way for functionalism, as well as experimental psychology, which is still frequently employed in the field today (Blevins, 2014). Functionalism may not be what it is if Structuralism is not first.
Explain Skinner’s general views to learning and conditioning. Do you agree with Skinner’s views? Why or why not? Provide some examples of rewards and punishment and how those are explained in terms Skinner’s views on operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning (thoughts of rewards and punishments), according to B.F. Skinner, is what influences individuals to behave in specific ways. Skinner, like John Watson, is regarded as the father of behaviorism (Goldstein, 2018). He was not interested in cognitive psychology, but just what could be seen. Stimuli, according to Skinner and Watson affected behavior. Someone will do something if they know there is a reward. Knowing that a negative stimulus will be decreased by a certain activity will also help.
A negative consequence, on the other hand, is sufficient to end a behavior. These were the rules that drew Skinner’s attention. I believe Skinner was correct in his theories, but I also believe cognition is a missing component of the picture. Cognitive and behavioral psychology, in my opinion, go hand in hand. Therefore, they are frequently tested and treated in conjunction with one another. I’m sure that many of us have witnessed how rewards and punishment can impact behavior
When a person thinks of how to behave and weighs the benefits and drawbacks, cognitive processes continue to take place. It’s not unusual to see a parent or caretaker utilize operant conditioning to induce their child to do a desired behavior. By saying things like “stop crying or you will not go to the park” or “if you don’t stop crying, I will put you in time out”, which are instances of operant conditioning that individuals may employ without even realizing it. The prospect of removing a negative reinforcement, as well as the promise of positive reinforcement.
Reference
Blevins, M. L. (2014). Structuralism vs. Functionalism in context of psychology. Psychology. https://psychology.com/structuralism-vs-functionalismin-context-of-psychology
Goldstein, E. B. (2018). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting mind, research, and everyday experience, (5th ed.). Cengage
Behaviorism, functionalism, and structuralism are the three primary approaches of cognitive psychology. Behaviorism is the study of outward, visible behaviors. People perform or do not implement specific behaviors based on incentives and penalties, not necessarily morality or mental processes, according to this viewpoint. The how and why of the human mind are central to functionalism. What we do and why we feel compelled to do it. Our mental functions. Structuralism is exactly what it sounds like: it is concerned with the structure of the brain and how various parts interact to form a whole. When a person sees a picture, structuralism posits that the stimulus is broken down into a million parts, each of which is absorbed at the same time yet separately to form a full component, the picture. When it comes to deciding which of the two theories was more influential, I lean toward structuralism. This one attracted me because of the structure of cognitive psychology itself. Structuralism arrived first, paving the way for functionalism, as well as experimental psychology, which is still frequently employed in the field today (Blevins, 2014). Functionalism may not be what it is if Structuralism is not first.
Explain Skinner’s general views to learning and conditioning. Do you agree with Skinner’s views? Why or why not? Provide some examples of rewards and punishment and how those are explained in terms Skinner’s views on operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning (thoughts of rewards and punishments), according to B.F. Skinner, is what influences individuals to behave in specific ways. Skinner, like John Watson, is regarded as the father of behaviorism (Goldstein, 2018). He was not interested in cognitive psychology, but just what could be seen. Stimuli, according to Skinner and Watson affected behavior. Someone will do something if they know there is a reward. Knowing that a negative stimulus will be decreased by a certain activity will also help.
A negative consequence, on the other hand, is sufficient to end a behavior. These were the rules that drew Skinner’s attention. I believe Skinner was correct in his theories, but I also believe cognition is a missing component of the picture. Cognitive and behavioral psychology, in my opinion, go hand in hand. Therefore, they are frequently tested and treated in conjunction with one another. I’m sure that many of us have witnessed how rewards and punishment can impact behavior
When a person thinks of how to behave and weighs the benefits and drawbacks, cognitive processes continue to take place. It’s not unusual to see a parent or caretaker utilize operant conditioning to induce their child to do a desired behavior. By saying things like “stop crying or you will not go to the park” or “if you don’t stop crying, I will put you in time out”, which are instances of operant conditioning that individuals may employ without even realizing it. The prospect of removing a negative reinforcement, as well as the promise of positive reinforcement.
Reference
Blevins, M. L. (2014). Structuralism vs. Functionalism in context of psychology. Psychology. https://psychology.com/structuralism-vs-functionalismin-context-of-psychology
Goldstein, E. B. (2018). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting mind, research, and everyday experience, (5th ed.). Cengage
Pamela-student one response to discussion
Structuralism, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, was the first theory of psychology. In this school of thought, Wundt theorized that the only way to understand the mind was through our experience of basic elements he called sensations, which were responses to stimuli. He felt using what is called analytic introspection he could identify the components of experience by training individuals to describe their thought processes and feelings when stimuli were presented to them. However, relying completely on the subjectiveness of introspection structuralism was short-lived. Nonetheless, Wundt’s impact on the field of psychology led many to expand on his theories, open other psychology labs and leave room for critics to oppose such subjective means of understanding the mind (Goldstein, 2015).
The psychologist suggested that psychology should not be concerned with the structure of consciousness because it had no basic structure and was always changing. In opposition to structuralism, functionalism arose. Functionalism focused on the function and purpose of consciousness and how it leads to adaptive behavior (Goldstein, 2015).
Like functionalism sprung from structuralism, behaviorism expanded on the functionalist. Behaviorism, a major contributor to cognitive psychology as we know it now, was founded by John Watson. Behaviorism focuses on explaining the external forces of observable behaviors. Watson’s approach dismissed consciousness and feelings altogether and focused only on how behaviors could be conditioned (Goldstein, 2015).
Behaviorism must have had the most influential impact on cognitive psychology. According to our textbook, behaviorism is reviewed “because of its importance to the history of cognitive psychology” (Goldstein, 2015. p. 10). Cognitive psychologists are similar to behavioralists because they use objective, controlled scientific approaches to understanding an organism’s mental processes by how they influence observable behaviors.
According to Skinner’s hypothesis, learning is a result of changed behavior. When an individual’s reaction to stimuli in the environment leads to changed behaviors, this is known as Stimulus-Response (S-R). Skinner’s approach is a reward or consequence type method to reinforce changing or controlling behaviors. In contrast to prior forms of behaviorism (e.g., connectionism, drive reduction), operant conditioning distinguishes itself by allowing the organism to emit responses rather than just evoking them in response to an external stimulus.
I do agree with Skinner’s approach to behavioral modification. I have used this type of practice with all my children. Many parents do without even noticing. For example, with my teenage daughter, if she does her chores for each day, she gets rewarded on Friday with an allowance. If she doesn’t, she is not allowed to go to the movies or skating, on the weekend. It has taken several months, but her behavior toward pitching in with chores around the house is much better. Another example could be potty training a pup if the pup goes in the house- they are punished if they go outside, they get a treat. Eventually, the pup associates the reward with going outside to potty and quits going in the house altogether.
Reference
Goldstein, E. B. (2015). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, (4th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781285763880
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