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Infectious Diseases
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Introduction
Infectious infections have created increased attention.
Covid-19 is the most recent challenges caused by infectious diseases.
https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/
Introduction
Infectious infections have created increased attention, especially after several outbreaks and pandemics that altered human health globally. Covid-19 and the related infections are the most recent challenges caused by infectious diseases affecting the whole world. This presentation illustrates common infectious diseases in the nature they are caused, their diagnosis, treatment, and possible prevention methods. It shall also describe the common symptoms of infectious diseases and when to seek medical attention.
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Overview
Overview
Infectious diseases have attracted increased attention globally because of their various occurrence. Its symptoms range from mild to severe, and the treatment and management depend on the cause of infection. Infectious diseases are caused by several pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, to mention a few. Transmission of pathogens in humans happens in numerous ways, including direct transmission through contact, water, and foodborne infections. Infection from insects such as ticks and mosquitoes can also effectively transmit pathogens.
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Infectious diseases have numerous occurrences.
Symptoms range from mild to severe.
Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
Transmission include through contact, water and food, and insects.
Individuals with a higher risk of infectious diseases
All individuals are at risk of contracting infectious diseases.
Individuals with compromised immune systems are at higher risk.
They include;
People with suppressed immunities.
People unvaccinated for certain infectious diseases
Children and healthcare workers.
Individuals with a higher risk of infectious diseases
All individuals are at risk of contracting infectious diseases. However, individuals with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of getting infectious diseases. Individuals at higher risks of getting infectious diseases include; people with suppressed immunities, such as patients of cancer, HIV, and recent organ transmissions. People unvaccinated for certain infectious diseases are also considered at higher risk of getting infectious diseases. Other individuals at higher risks of getting infectious diseases are children and healthcare workers.
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How Common are infectious diseases?
How Common are infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are common worldwide. Some infectious diseases are more common and strike more often than others. For instance, infections caused by E. coli are common and may not require medications because they may cause mild signs of complications. In the United States, a fifth of the population is infected with influenza annually. This indicates that infectious diseases are common in most parts of the world. However, some infectious diseases, such as HIV, are considered relatively lower in occurrence than most airborne infections.
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Infectious diseases are common worldwide.
Some are more common and strike more often than others (Wang et al., 2021).
In the United States, a fifth of the population is infected with influenza annually.
Complications associated with infectious diseases
Complications associated with infectious diseases
Most infectious diseases cause complications in humans. The complications range from mild to severe. Some infections include wheezing, skin rashes, and extreme fatigue. The mild complications can disappear as the infection starts to resolve. However, some infections are associated with severe complications such as cancer. Such infections include Hepatitis B and C, which are associated with liver cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV), which is associated with causing cervical cancer. Such infections may cause severe effects on humans including death.
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Most infectious diseases cause complications in humans.
The complications range from mild to severe.
Some infections include wheezing, skin rashes, and extreme fatigue.
Some infections are associated with severe complications such as cancer.
Symptoms of Infectious diseases
Symptoms of Infectious diseases
The symptoms of infectious diseases vary depending on the particular disease. The most common symptoms of infections such as influenza include fever, chills, congestion, fatigue, muscle and body aches. Some infectious diseases such as Shigella are associated with more severe symptoms, such as bloody diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. Individuals may experience one or several symptoms of the infectious diseases. Therefore, individuals must seek medical attention for any chronic symptoms. This prevents worsening of the symptoms to severe complications.
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The symptoms of infectious diseases vary depending on the particular disease.
Common symptoms of infections such as influenza include fever, chills, congestion, fatigue, muscle and body aches.
More severe symptoms, include bloody diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration.
Causes of Infectious diseases
Microorganisms cause infectious diseases in humans.
Include viruses invading and multiplying in healthy human cells (Li et al., 2019).
bacteria and other single-celled organisms
including direct contact with infected individuals
skin-to-skin contact
sexual contact
contact with fluids such as saliva and blood
droplets such as when sneezing
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/special-edition-on-infectious-disease/2014/an-introduction-to-infectious-disease/
Causes of Infectious diseases
Microorganisms cause infectious diseases in humans. These include viruses invading and multiplying in healthy human cells, bacteria and other single-celled organisms that can cause diseases, fungi, and parasites that may induce sickness in humans by living inside the host’s body. Infectious diseases spread in several ways, including direct contact with infected individuals, skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, or contact with fluids such as saliva and blood may spread infectious diseases. Some infectious diseases are transmitted through droplets such as when sneezing.
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Diagnosis and Tests for infectious diseases
Diagnosis and Tests for infectious diseases
Infectious diseases are diagnosed through multiple laboratory tests. Most samples of blood, urine, stool, mucus and other body fluids are used for examination in the laboratories. The test results are used to determine the diagnostic process doctors utilize. Doctors may also determine infectious diseases by examining the samples under powerful microscopes. The laboratory process involves culturing to grow the samples or organisms to confirm their presence. This process is critical in identifying the pathogen causing infectious diseases and the treatment methods to be applied.
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Infectious diseases are diagnosed through multiple laboratory tests (Jump et al., 2018).
Samples of blood, urine, stool, mucus and other body fluids are used for examination.
May also determine infectious diseases by examining the samples under powerful microscopes.
Process involves culturing to grow the samples or organisms to confirm their presence.
Treatment and management of infectious diseases
Treatment and management of infectious diseases
The treatment and management of infectious diseases depend on the pathogen causing the infection. Infections caused by bacteria are treated by administering antibiotics, killing the bacteria, and ending the infection. Infections caused by viruses are treated by supportive therapies, such as recommending increased rests and fluid intakes. Antiviral medications may be used for certain infections. Fungal infections are treated through antifungal medications, and parasites are treated through antiphrastic drugs such as mebendazole.
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The treatment and management of infectious diseases depend on the pathogen causing the infection.
Bacteria are treated by administering antibiotics.
Viruses are treated by supportive therapies, such as recommending increased rests and fluid intakes.
Fungal infections are treated through antifungal medications.
Parasites are treated through antiphrastic drugs.
Prevention of infectious diseases
Prevention of infectious diseases
Several prevention methods exist, including the provision of vaccines. Most common infectious diseases such as hepatitis, influenza, and herpes have proven vaccinations. According to CDC, vaccinations are effective and recommended for children, teens, and adults. Doing effective research before traveling may also be a preventive mechanism for travelers. Other effective methods of reducing the chances of infections include frequent hand washing with soap and water, covering the mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing, using disinfectants, avoiding contact with infected people, avoiding drinking contaminated water, and eating well-prepared foods.
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Several prevention methods exist, including the provision of vaccines
Vaccinations are effective and recommended for children, teens, and adults (Excler et al., 2021).
Frequent hand washing with soap and water.
Covering the mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing.
Using disinfectants.
Avoiding drinking contaminated water, and eating well-prepared foods.
Prognosis
Prognosis
Most individuals recover completely after treatment for most infectious diseases. However, some infectious diseases, such as HIV, cannot be cured. Doctors focus on symptom management. They also ensure that the infection does not cause more severe complications. Some infections are not effectively treated or managed through antibiotics. For instance, gonorrhea has illustrated several drug-resistant strains calling for better treatment and prevention methods. It is important to seek medical attention from a qualified doctor if any symptoms persist.
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Most individuals recover completely after treatment for most infectious diseases.
Some infectious diseases, such as HIV, cannot be cured.
Some infections are not effectively treated or managed through antibiotics.
It is important to seek medical attention from a qualified doctor if any symptoms persist.
When to See a Physician
When to See a Physician
Individuals are advised to seek advice from physicians and doctors if they have diarrhea for more than three consecutive days. Challenges in keeping fluids in the body also call for attention from the physician. Other critical aspects of infectious diseases that may require seeking the doctor are bloody stool, fatigue, and tiredness, numerous bouts of vomiting, reduced urination, and pink color on cheeks and eyelids. These factors indicate complications requiring extensive medical care to manage and treat infections.
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Seek advice from physicians and doctors if they have diarrhea for more than three consecutive days.
Challenges in keeping fluids in the body.
Others include, bloody stool, fatigue, and tiredness, numerous bouts of vomiting, reduced urination, and pink color on cheeks and eyelids.
References
Excler, J. L., Saville, M., Berkley, S., & Kim, J. H. (2021). Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases. Nature medicine, 27(4), 591-600. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01301-0
Jump, R. L., Crnich, C. J., Mody, L., Bradley, S. F., Nicolle, L. E., & Yoshikawa, T. T. (2018). Infectious diseases in older adults of long‐term care facilities: update on approach to diagnosis and management. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(4), 789-803. https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15248
Li, Z., Leustean, L., Inci, F., Zheng, M., Demirci, U., & Wang, S. (2019). Plasmonic-based platforms for diagnosis of infectious diseases at the point-of-care. Biotechnology advances, 37(8), 107440. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975019301405
Wang, C., Liu, M., Wang, Z., Li, S., Deng, Y., & He, N. (2021). Point-of-care diagnostics for infectious diseases: From methods to devices. Nano Today, 37, 101092. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1748013221000177
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