- Review the subjective and objective data sets provided in the 3 cases. You are to construct a subjective and objective data set for each case that demonstrates your knowledge of how to construct problem focused subjective and objective data sets.
- Document your 3 subjective and objective data sets in a Word file.
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
NU610 Unit 6 Case Studies
Case 1 – S.H
CHIEF COMPLAINT:
“I HAVE NO CURRENT CONCERNS; ROUTINE CHECK IN FOR BLOOD PRESSURE AND
MEDICATION”
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:
(O)nset HYPERTENSION STARTED AT AGE 52
(L)ocation N/A
(D)uration N/A
(C)haracter N/A
(A)lleviating/Aggravating factors N/A
(R)aditation N/A
(T)ime N/A
Patient is a 61 year old female that presents today with no complaints. She is routinely seen
to monitor her blood pressure and check blood pressure medications. She was diagnosed
with hypertension at age 52, 9 years ago.
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:
Hypertension
Mild heart attack
Mild arthritis in bilateral hand
History of anxiety and depression
Bronchitis
Kidney stones
ALLERGIES:
Seasonal allergies
CURRENT MEDICATIONS:
Metoprolol
Ibuprofen
FAMILY HISTORY:
Mother: hypertension, stroke at age 65, skin cancer removed from shoulder
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
Father: pasted away of Lou Gehrig’s disease at age 62
Maternal Grandmother: Unknown to patient
Maternal Grandfather: Unknown to patient
Paternal Grandmother: Died of old age
Paternal Grandfather: Heart disease, died of complications from heart disease
SOCIAL HISTORY:
mother of 2
full-time job as accountant
Does not smoke cigarettes
Does not use illicit drugs
Drinks socially with friends once or twice a month
HEALTH PROMOTION:
Patient due for Cholesterol, Hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS screening
Due for colonoscopy to screen for Colon Cancer
Immunizations are up to date
Patient had Pap and mammogram done last year
ROS:
General- Denies any weight changes recently. Appears well groomed. No reports of
weakness, fatigue, or fever.
Skin- Denies rashes, lumps, sores, itching, dryness, or changes to color of skin. No
changes to moles or nails. Hair is starting to turn gray.
HEENT-
No report of headaches, dizziness, or light headedness. Patient wears glasses.
Denies, pain redness, spots, flashing lights, tearing, glaucoma or cataracts. Denies issues with
hearing, tinnitus, earaches, vertigo, or infection. Does not suffer from frequent colds, nasal
stuffiness, itching, nosebleeds, or sinus trouble. Reports no problems with teeth or gums,
dentures, or dry mouth. Denies frequent sore throats or hoarseness.
Neck- Denies any swollen glands, lumps, pain or stiffness in neck.
Breasts- Denies, lumps, pain, or discharge from breasts. Performs self-exam once a
month.
Respiratory- Denies shortness of breath, cough, wheezing or pain. Patient states that
she tends to get bronchitis easily in the winter is she develops a cold.
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
Cardiovascular- Patient reports high blood pressure. States that a couple years ago she
was under a lot of stress and reported having mild heart attack and has not had symptoms
since. Denies chest pain or discomfort, murmurs, palpitations, shortness of breath, and swelling
of extremities.
Gastrointestinal- Denies trouble swallowing, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting. No
changes in appetite or bowel habits.
Peripheral vascular- Denies leg pain, cramps, clots, swelling or changes to color in
extremities.
Urinary- Denies changes to urgency or frequency of urination. No recent blood or
infection present. Patient has been treated for kidney stones in the past. Reports no
incontinence.
Genital- Patient has completed two pregnancy and is menopausal
Musculoskeletal- Patient reports mild arthritis in hands. Denies all other joint pain,
stiffness, gout, or backaches. Denies swelling, redness, pain, weakness, tenderness, or limitation
to range of motion.
Psychiatric- Denies nervousness, mood, memory changes, suicidal ideations. Patient
suffered depression when her father died and spoke with counselor at the time. Currently does
not feel depressed.
Neurologic- Denies changes to mood, attention span, orientation, or speech. Reports no
changes to memory or judgement. No headaches, dizziness, vertigo, or fainting.
Hematologic- Denies easily bruising or bleeding.
Endocrine- Denies excessive sweating, thirst or hunger. Reports no history of thyroid
problems.
PHYSICAL EXAM:
General- Patient appears well groomed and dressed appropriately. Walks with normal
gait and motor function. Patient is alert and orientated. Normal mood and affect.
Vital Signs- Blood pressure: 124/88, HR: 87, Resp: 16.
Skin- Appropriate moisture and temperature. Multiple freckles on face, arms. and legs.
No apparent lesions. Inspection of hair is of normal texture and distribution. Nails are of normal
color with no deformities. Patient is starting to grow grey hair. Nothing to note from palpation of
scalp. Good turgor. No rashes or bruising.
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
HEENT-
Head – Normocephalic, no visual or palpable masses. Face and skull symmetrical.
Eyes – Eyes are in alignment. Conjunctiva clear. Sclera appears white. Pupils are
equal, round, and reactive bilaterally. Extraocular movements intact bilaterally.
Patient wears glasses.
Ears – Inspection of ear within normal limits. No problems with hearing
bilaterally. (Do not have proper equipment to complete exam)
Nose – Inspection of nasal mucosa, septum and turbinate within normal limits,
no lesions or inflammation. No tenderness with palpation of maxillary and frontal
sinuses.
Throat – Inspection of oral mucosa, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, tonsils, lips, and
pharynx within normal limits (pink, equal, aligned)
Neck- Inspection and palpation of cervical lymph nodes note no masses. No deviation in
the trachea. No enlargement of thyroid noted.
Respiratory- Inspection and palpation symmetrical with no masses or abnormalities
noted. Clear to auscultation and percussion.
Cardiovascular- Regular rate and rhythm, no murmurs, or gallops.
Gastrointestinal- Bowel sounds heard in all four quadrants. No tenderness with
palpation. No mases or hernias noted.
Peripheral vascular- No edema some varicose veins noted on outer left thigh. Peripheral
pulses intact.
Musculoskeletal- Normal gait. No tenderness, crepitation, masses, instability or
decrease range of motion. Inspection is symmetrical. No atrophy or abnormal strength or tone.
Neurologic- Cranial nerves 2-12 intact/normal. Sensation to pain and touch is normal.
Reflexes intact.
Case 2 – M.B
CHIEF COMPLAINT:
“I HAVE NO CURRENT CONCERNS”
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:
(O)nset N/A
(L)ocation N/A
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
(D)uration N/A
(C)haracter N/A
(A)lleviating/Aggravating factors N/A
(R)aditation N/A
(T)ime N/A
Patient is a 33 year old male that presents today with no complaints. Appears to be in good
health.
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:
History of L4-L5 microdiscectomy
ALLERGIES:
No known allergies
CURRENT MEDICATIONS:
Ibuprofen on occasion
FAMILY HISTORY:
Mother: healthy
Father: open heart surgery at age 67
Maternal Grandmother: Died of old age
Maternal Grandfather: Died of cancer (type unknown)
Paternal Grandmother: Died of old age
Paternal Grandfather: Died in motor vehicle accident
SOCIAL HISTORY:
Married, Father of 2
full-time job as financial manager
Does not smoke cigarettes
Does not use illicit drugs
Drinks one to two beers nightly
Exercises by playing basketball three times weekly
HEALTH PROMOTION:
Patient is due for blood pressure check
Denies need for HIV/AIDS screening as he has one sexual partner
Up to date on immunizations as he relies on health care provider records
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
ROS:
General- Denies any weight changes recently. Appears well groomed. No reports of
weakness, fatigue, or fever.
Skin- Denies rashes, lumps, sores, itching, dryness, or changes to color of skin. No
changes to moles or nails. Hair is starting to turn gray in beard.
HEENT- No report of headaches, dizziness, or light headedness. Denies, pain redness,
spots, flashing lights, tearing, glaucoma or cataracts. Denies issues with hearing, tinnitus,
earaches, vertigo, or infection. Does not suffer from frequent colds, nasal stuffiness, itching,
nosebleeds, or sinus trouble. Reports no problems with teeth or gums, dentures, or dry mouth.
Denies frequent sore throats or hoarseness.
Neck- Denies any swollen glands, lumps, pain, or stiffness in neck.
Breasts- N/A
Respiratory- Denies shortness of breath, cough, wheezing or pain.
Cardiovascular- Denies chest pain or discomfort, murmurs, palpitations, shortness of
breath, and swelling of extremities.
Gastrointestinal- Denies trouble swallowing, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting. No
changes in appetite or bowel habits.
Peripheral vascular- Denies leg pain, cramps, clots, swelling or changes to color in
extremities.
Urinary- Denies changes to urgency or frequency of urination. No recent blood or
infection present. Reports no incontinence.
Genital- Reports no hernias, lumps, sores, pain, or discharge. Denies concern for STIs.
Musculoskeletal- Denies all other joint pain, stiffness, gout, or backaches. Denies
swelling, redness, pain, weakness, tenderness, or limitation to range of motion. Reports
preventative stretching daily for past lower back injury.
Psychiatric- Denies nervousness, mood, memory changes, suicidal ideations.
Neurologic- Denies changes to mood, attention span, orientation, or speech. Reports no
changes to memory or judgement. No headaches, dizziness, vertigo, or fainting.
Hematologic- Denies easily bruising or bleeding.
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
Endocrine- Denies excessive sweating, thirst, or hunger. Reports no history of thyroid
problems.
PHYSICAL EXAM:
General- Patient appears well groomed and dressed appropriately. Walks with normal
gait and motor function. Patient is alert and orientated. Normal mood and affect.
Vital Signs- Blood pressure: 118/68, HR: 70, Resp: 14.
Skin- Appropriate moisture and temperature. Patient has one lesion on back that is
enlarged. Inspection of hair is of normal texture and distribution. Nails are of normal color with
no deformities. Nothing to note from palpation of scalp. Good turgor. No rashes or bruising.
HEENT-
Head – Normocephalic, no visual or palpable masses. Face and skull symmetrical.
Eyes – Eyes are in alignment. Conjunctiva clear. Sclera appears white. Pupils are
equal, round, and reactive bilaterally. Extraocular movements intact bilaterally.
Ears – Inspection of ear within normal limits. No problems with hearing
bilaterally. (Do not have proper equipment to complete exam)
Nose – Inspection of nasal mucosa, septum and turbinate within normal limits,
no lesions or inflammation. No tenderness with palpation of maxillary and frontal
sinuses.
Throat – Inspection of oral mucosa, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, tonsils, lips, and
pharynx within normal limits (pink, equal, aligned)
Neck- Inspection and palpation of cervical lymph nodes note no masses. No deviation in
the trachea. No enlargement of thyroid noted.
Respiratory- Inspection and palpation symmetrical with no masses or abnormalities
noted. Clear to auscultation and percussion.
Cardiovascular- Regular rate and rhythm, no murmurs, or gallops.
Gastrointestinal- Bowel sounds heard in all four quadrants. No tenderness with
palpation. No mases or hernias noted.
Peripheral vascular- No edema some varicose veins noted on outer left thigh. Peripheral
pulses intact.
Musculoskeletal- Normal gait. No tenderness, crepitation, masses, instability or
decrease range of motion. Inspection is symmetrical. No atrophy or abnormal strength or tone.
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
Neurologic- Cranial nerves 2-12 intact/normal. Sensation to pain and touch is normal.
Reflexes intact.
Case 3 – S.T
CHIEF COMPLAINT:
“I CURRENTLY HAVE NO CONCERNS”
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:
(O)nset N/A
(L)ocation N/A
(D)uration N/A
(C)haracter N/A
(A)lleviating/Aggravating factors N/A
(R)aditation N/A
(T)ime N/A
Patient is a 30 year old female that presents today with no complaints. Appears in relatively
good heath and shape.
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:
History of kidney infections
Wisdom teeth out at age 17
History of starched corona
Vitiligo
ALLERGIES:
Tree Nuts
CURRENT MEDICATIONS:
Ibuprofen – rarely
Marana
FAMILY HISTORY:
Mother: hypertension, kidney stones, history of depression
Father: open heart surgery in 2009 and 2020, pre-diabetic
Maternal Grandmother: stroke at 65, skin cancer on shoulder-surgically removed
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
Maternal Grandfather: pasted away of Lou Gehrig’s disease at age 62
Paternal Grandmother: Heart disease, died of heart related complications
Paternal Grandfather: Heart disease, hypertension, died of heart attack
SOCIAL HISTORY:
full-time job as manager of operations
Does not smoke cigarettes
Does not use illicit drugs
Drinks socially with friends once a week
Runs daily for exercise
Married
No children
HEALTH PROMOTION:
Patient is due for blood pressure check
Denies need for HIV/AIDS screening as she has one sexual partner
Up to date on immunizations
Had Pap smear earlier this year
ROS:
General- Denies any weight changes recently. Appears well groomed. No reports of
weakness, fatigue, or fever.
Skin- Denies rashes, lumps, sores, itching, dryness. Changes to color of skin as it gets
lighter. No changes to moles or nails. Reports no changes with hair.
HEENT- No report of headaches, dizziness, or light headedness. Patient wears glasses.
Denies, pain redness, spots, flashing lights, tearing, glaucoma or cataracts. Denies issues with
hearing, tinnitus, earaches, vertigo, or infection. Does not suffer from frequent colds, nasal
stuffiness, itching, nosebleeds, or sinus trouble. Reports no problems with teeth or gums,
dentures, or dry mouth. Denies frequent sore throats or hoarseness.
Neck- Denies any swollen glands, lumps, pain, or stiffness in neck.
Breasts- Denies, lumps, pain, or discharge from breasts. Performs self-exam once a
month.
Respiratory- Denies shortness of breath, cough, wheezing or pain. Patient states that
she tends to get bronchitis easily in the winter is she develops a cold.
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
Cardiovascular- Patient reports high blood pressure. States that a couple years ago she
was under a lot of stress and reported having mild heart attack and has not had symptoms
since. Denies chest pain or discomfort, murmurs, palpitations, shortness of breath, and swelling
of extremities.
Gastrointestinal- Denies trouble swallowing, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting. No
changes in appetite or bowel habits.
Peripheral vascular- Denies leg pain, cramps, clots, swelling or changes to color in
extremities.
Urinary- Denies changes to urgency or frequency of urination. No recent blood or
infection present. Patient has been treated for kidney stones in the past. Reports no
incontinence. Has not had a kidney infection for ten plus years.
Genital- Patient Denies concern for STIs. Does not get period with Marana.
Musculoskeletal- Denies all other joint pain, stiffness, gout, or backaches. Denies
swelling, redness, pain, weakness, tenderness, or limitation to range of motion.
Psychiatric- Denies nervousness, mood, memory changes, suicidal ideations.
Neurologic- Denies changes to mood, attention span, orientation, or speech. Reports no
changes to memory or judgement. No headaches, dizziness, vertigo, or fainting.
Hematologic- Denies easily bruising or bleeding.
Endocrine- Denies excessive sweating, thirst, or hunger. Reports no history of thyroid
problems.
PHYSICAL EXAM:
General- Patient appears well groomed and dressed appropriately. Walks with normal
gait and motor function. Patient is alert and orientated. Normal mood and affect.
Vital Signs- Blood pressure: 120/76, HR: 78, Resp: 16.
Skin- Appropriate moisture and temperature. No apparent lesions. Inspection of hair is
of normal texture and distribution. Nails are of normal color with no deformities. Nothing to
note from palpation of scalp. Good turgor. No rashes or bruising.
HEENT-
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT ENTER CHIEF COMPLAINT AND HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS, ROS, RELEVANT
HISOTRY, AND OBJECTIVE DATA INTO TYPHON FOR THREE FAMILY MEMBERS/FRIENDS
Head – Normocephalic, no visual or palpable masses. Face and skull symmetrical.
Eyes – Eyes are in alignment. Conjunctiva clear. Sclera appears white. Pupils are
equal, round, and reactive bilaterally. Extraocular movements intact bilaterally.
Patient has contacts placed.
Ears – Inspection of ear within normal limits. No problems with hearing
bilaterally. (Do not have proper equipment to complete exam)
Nose – Inspection of nasal mucosa, septum and turbinate within normal limits,
no lesions or inflammation. No tenderness with palpation of maxillary and frontal
sinuses.
Throat – Inspection of oral mucosa, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, tonsils, lips, and
pharynx within normal limits (pink, equal, aligned)
Neck- Inspection and palpation of cervical lymph nodes note no masses. No deviation in
the trachea. No enlargement of thyroid noted.
Respiratory- Inspection and palpation symmetrical with no masses or abnormalities
noted. Clear to auscultation and percussion.
Cardiovascular- Regular rate and rhythm, no murmurs, or gallops.
Gastrointestinal- Bowel sounds heard in all four quadrants. No tenderness with
palpation. No mases or hernias noted.
Peripheral vascular- No edema some varicose veins noted on outer left thigh. Peripheral
pulses intact.
Musculoskeletal- Normal gait. No tenderness, crepitation, masses, instability or
decrease range of motion. Inspection is symmetrical. No atrophy or abnormal strength or tone.
Neurologic- Cranial nerves 2-12 intact/normal. Sensation to pain and touch is normal.
Reflexes intact.
Running head: CASE STUDY 1
Lindsay Kirchner
Unit 6 Case Study
Herzing University
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CASE STUDY 2
Patient Scenario-1
Two individuals come to the emergency department with head injuries. One, 25 years old, has
just been in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and has a temporal lobe injury. The other, 65 years
old, has increasing confusion after a fall that happened earlier in the week.
Extradural Hematoma vs Subdural Hematoma
McCance and Huether (2014) define extradural hematomas as 1% to 2% of major head
injuries, common in 20 to 40 year olds. Bleeding is located between the dura mater and skull.
The most common mechanism for extradural hematomas to occur is a result of motor vehicle
accidents (MVAs) with 90% being caused by temporal fracture and the temporal fossa being the
primary location. In 85% of extradural hematomas an artery is the main culprit for bleeding.
“The resulting shift of the temporal lobe medially precipitates uncal and hippocampal gyrus
herniation through the tentorial notch” (p. 585). Those with extradural hematomas initially lose
consciousness then have a lucid time period for a few hours to a day or two after depending on if
the bleeding is arterial or venous. During that lucid time is when the bleeding is increasing. This
is ultimately followed by severe headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, potentially seizures,
and confusion (McCance & Huether, 2014). If the patient is not treated in time, herniation
followed by death can occur.
Subdural hematomas account for 10% to 20% of traumatic brain injuries. The most
common cause is motor vehicle accidents (McCance & Huether, 2014). In older adults, falls can
be linked to chronic subdural hematomas. Additionally, subacute hematomas can develop slower
over the course of two days to two weeks. Chronic hematomas develop over two weeks to two
months. Subdural hematomas are a result of venous blood occurring between the dura mater and
arachnoid mater (McCance & Huether, 2014). Depending how many veins are torn will depend
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CASE STUDY 3
on amount of bleeding. When bleeding begins, the blood will begin to compress the brain and
cause the intracranial pressure (ICP) to increase. As the ICP increases, the bleeding veins are
compressed eventually slowing the bleeding. Symptoms include headache, drowsiness,
confusion, slowed cognition and generalized rigidity (McCance & Huether, 2014).
Most Emergent Patient
The patient requiring immediate emergency surgical intervention would be the 25 year
old. This is in part due to the fact of extradural hematomas primarily come from the artery
causing rapid bleeding. McCance and Huether (2014) report the prognosis to be good prior to
bilateral dilated pupils noted. The authors also note these hematomas to be medical emergencies
almost always. This is not to say the 65 year old patient doesn’t need an intervention. They most
likely will due to becoming symptomatic. However with the subdural hematoma most likely
being venous it is a slower bleed than arterial. Additionally, with the fall occurring earlier in the
week and more recently developing increased confusion, he has the potential of remaining more
stable than the 25 year old patient.
Patient Scenario 2
A 38 year old was driving his 1970 Chevy Corvette to a Milwaukee Brewers baseball game when
a deer jumped out in front of him on the highway. He swerved his car and hit a telephone pole
instead. His head hit the windshield and he suffered severe head trauma.
Type of Head Injury
The patient ultimately suffered a focal traumatic brain injury, more specifically a coup
and contrecoup brain injury. Upon hitting his head, it threw his head forward hitting the
windshield (coup). This was then followed by his head going backward (contrecoup). “The focal
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CASE STUDY 4
injury may be a coup injury (directly below the point of impact) or contrecoup (on the pole
opposite the site of impact)” (p. 583).
Treatment Plan
Treatment will depend on how much injury occurred. According to the Mayo clinic
(2019), there is usually no treatment for mild traumatic brain injuries other than rest and pain
relievers. It is recommended, however, for the patient to be monitored and watched for
worsening symptoms. For moderate to severe injuries, it’s crucial to prevent further injury to the
head or neck and also to maintain sufficient blood supply and blood pressure. Additionally,
further treatment may be needed (Mayo Clinic, 2019). This could involve surgery to remove and
stop bleeding in the brain or repairing skull fractures. Medications such as diuretics, anti-seizure
medications and coma-inducing drugs to allow the body to rest may also be indicated. Lastly,
treatment for the patient may include rehabilitation. Specialists this may include are psychiatrist,
occupational therapist, physical therapist, speech pathologist, neuropsychologist, rehabilitation
providers and recreational therapist (Mayo Clinic, 2019).
References
Mayo Clinic. (2019). Traumatic brain injury: Diagnosis and treatment. Retrieved from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20378561
McCance, K. & Huether, S. (2014). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and
children. 7th Edition. Elsevier Mosby: St. Louis, MO.
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