reading - Paper Answers

For Assessment #4 (The Syllabus Archive Project: Exploring College Reading Assignments), complete the following:

Create a KWL on Jodi Holschuh’s article “College Reading and Studying: The Complexity of Academic Literacy Task Demands.”
Choose five unknown words from the article and use one of the following strategies to learn the the five words: Four square graphics or a KIM chart or Word Concept maps.
Choose one of your current or past Mt. SAC classes and create a Mindmap of the reading expectations for the class. Use the class’ syllabus as a guide. Put the name of the class in the middle and branch out with ten questions about reading assignments (sample questions: How many pages are students supposed to read each week? How does the instructor check to see if students actually finished the assigned readings? How does the instructor help students learn new vocabulary words in the class? What is the purpose of reading assignments in the class? What instructions are given for assigned readings? What type of readings are being assigned? etc.). Post your Mindmap on the discussion board.
Create a Venn diagram comparing the reading expectations on your Minmap to someone else’s Mindmap.
In a one-page, double-spaced, typed summary, explain the reading expectations for the class you Mindmapped (or lack of reading expectations). Include information from the syllabus related to class readings. If the syllabus does not list any of this information about assigned readings, find a different syllabus from a different class. If the syllabus lists some of this information, summarize the information listed and discuss information that is missing or would be helpful for students to know. If you can’t find a syllabus that lists information about reading assignments, the University of Colorado, Boulder has a syllabus archive (Links to an external site.) at Here is a link to the syllabus archive at the University of Colorado (Links to an external site.)
In a one page (double spaced typed) reflection, describe what professors in general can do differently when it comes to reading assignments? In general, what can students do differently when it comes to reading assignments? How do you feel about most of your assigned readings? Why do you feel this way?

599

COMMENTARY

College Reading and Studying:
The Complexity of Academic
Literacy Task Demands
Jodi Patrick Holschuh

Although there are various reasons for why preparing students for academic literacy
tasks is difficult, secondary and college educators can help in several ways.

It seems that every generation, at some point, discovers that
students cannot read as well as they would like or as well as
professors expect. (Maxwell, 1979, p. 269)

S
everal years ago, I embarked on a research study in-
vestigating the academic literacy demands in college.
This research was undertaken as a result of my ex-

periences in teaching developmental education courses,
as I wanted to better understand what was being asked of
students in their college courses. I enrolled in a full- time
load of undergraduate courses, which were selected to
provide experiences with a broad scope of disciplines and
literacy tasks. I attended classes, read, discussed, wrote,
studied, and took exams. In short, I completed all of the
tasks assigned to students. In Spanish, I drew my dream
house and then clumsily described it to a classmate using
the Spanish vocabulary from that week’s lessons. In eco-
nomics, I manipulated real- world data in an online learn-
ing system to understand the concepts of equilibrium,
consumer surplus, and producer surplus. In political sci-
ence, I watched and analyzed episodes of The West Wing,
and in geology, I memorized a variety of rock types and
formations and then went on a campus scavenger hunt to
find examples of them (Holschuh, 2013).

I found that there was no once- size- fits- all expecta-
tion for the depth or degree to which I was expected to
understand the information. There was no single strat-
egy that could aid in my completion of course tasks. There
were, however, a myriad of literacy tasks that students
were expected to be able to engage in. This is not surpris-
ing, and it helps illuminate the complexity of academic
literacy task demands at the college level. In this com-
mentary, I discuss the academic literacy demands in col-
lege by examining some of the reasons why it is difficult

to fully prepare students and several ways educators can
help them on the path toward college readiness.

Academic Literacy
With all of the attention being paid to college readiness
and especially academic literacy, it is reasonable to won-
der why so many students arrive in college underprepared
for the rigors of the literacy demands. From the first day
of my undergraduate semester, I was struck by the multi-
tude of tasks and of decisions that needed to be made that
would impact the ways I approached the literacy tasks.
Some of my decisions included buying the economics
textbook even though it was not required, deciding to take
notes on my own even when the professor provided them,
and deciding to read the text before class in political sci-
ence and Spanish but waiting until after the lecture in
economics and geography. These are just a few examples
of the many decisions that all students must make; how-
ever, once students start along a studying path, many find
it difficult to make changes (Holschuh & Aultman, 2009).

To better grasp what is included in the expectations
for college academic literacy, it is helpful to understand
a general def inition of academic task. Doyle (1983) de-
fined academic task as

attention on three aspects of students’ work: (a) the prod-
ucts students are to formulate, such as an original essay or

JODI PATRICK HOLSCHUH is the chair of and a
professor in the Department of Curriculum and
Instruction at Texas State University, San Marcos,
USA; email holschuh@txstate.edu.

mailto:holschuh@txstate.edu

600Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy Vol. 62 No. 6 May/June 2019 literacyworldwide.org

COMMENTARY

answers to a set of test questions; (b) the operations that
are to be used to generate the product, such as memorizing
a list of words or classif y ing examples of a concept; and
(c) the “givens” or resources available to students while they
are generating a product, such as a model of a finished essay
supplied by the teacher or a fellow student. Academic tasks,
in other words, are defined by the answers students are re-
quired to produce and the routes that can be used to obtain
these answers. (p. 161)

Research has estimated that over 80% of college- level
tasks involve reading. Thus, it is important to examine
the academic literacy task demands of college in addition
to general academic tasks (Nist & Simpson, 2000).

Academic literacy tasks are the subset of all aca-
demic tasks that involve reading and writing and are
rooted within larger cultural practices. Yancey (2009)
defined academic literacy as the ability to (a) write for
different purposes, audiences, and occasions; (b) access,
interpret, and evaluate information; (c) think critically;
(d) reflect one’s performance; and (e) create new texts
and new knowledge. These tasks are typically multidi-
mensional, developmental, and goal focused (Alexander,
2012). Academic literacy is more than a series of skills; it
is a social practice that involves both the reader and the
larger community context and occurs as a result of a con-
textualized learning environment (Gee, 2015; Holschuh
& Paulson, 2013; Porter, 2018). Because there are so many
aspects involved in academic literacy at the postsecond-
ary level, Stahl and Armstrong (2018) suggested that
college reading might be more accurately described as
“college literacy, reading, learning, and study strategies
instruction and student support” (p. 48).

New standards for college readiness seek to engage
learners in increasingly higher levels of academic read-
ing skills before college (National Center for Education
Statistics, 2016). The goal is to help students gain the
academic knowledge and skills to be ready for college-
level work (Achieve, 2011; Conley, 2014). However, the
National Center for Education Statistics reported that
only 37% of 12th- grade students are proficient- level read-
ers. Other research has estimated that 75% of community
college students and more than 50% of four- year college
students are unprepared to meet the literacy demands
of college (ACT, 2013; American Institutes for Research,
2006). These struggles are not due to a lack of basic skills
alone (Greenleaf, Schoenbach, Cziko, & Mueller, 2001).

The Difficulty of Preparing Students
for Academic Literacy Demands
It has been well documented in the literature that col-
lege students of ten str ug gle w ith academic literacy

demands. There is evidence of reading assistance col-
lege classes dating back before the 1900s (Stahl & King,
2009). Most college students in the 19th centur y had
trouble with basic reading, spelling, writing, and study-
ing demands, which led to the development of prepara-
tory programs (Wyatt, 1992). The reasons why students
are underprepared are complex and varied, with some
studies suggesting that it may be due to an increase in
text complexity (R AND Reading Study Group, 2002),
greater discipline- specific literacy demands (Greenleaf
et al., 2001; Shanahan & Shanahan, 2012), and unfamil-
iar sociocultural contexts (Gee, 2015), to name but a few.

Because many students struggle with the academic
literacy expectations in their courses, some college
faculty “have adopted a culture of work- arounds that
deliver content while avoiding their responsibility to
promote, integrate, and instruct either content read-
ing techn iques or d iscipl ina r y l iteracy practices in
their respective classes” (Stahl & Armstrong, 2018, p.
58). This approach may extend student struggles with
literacy demands to postbaccalaureate programs, with
some research noting that incoming law students have
difficulty engaging in careful reading, have had limited
practice in reading complex text and lengthy text, and
although they read more than the national average, typ-
ically experience difficulty with academic literacy de-
mands in their first year of law school (Gallacher, 2007;
Montana, 2017).

Familiar yet Different. Many students f ind that the
l it erac y dem a nd s t h at a r e ex pe c t e d i n col lege d i f-
fer f rom those that they experienced in high school
(Yancey, 2009). Although the tasks may appear similar,
as students have experience in writing papers, read-
ing textbooks, and discussing readings with peers, the
postsecondary literacy expectations are more varied
and complex. Yancey described these differences as a
parallel universe with diverse reading and writing ex-
pectations from prev ious experiences. Additionally,
the literacy demands vary greatly from institution to
institution and even from professor to professor, which
makes it difficult to quantify exactly what the expecta-
tions will be for students (Henry & Stahl, 2017; Yancey,
2009). Thus, the literacy demands that students expe-
rience may vary greatly from national or local college
readiness standards.

Expected Reading Proficiency. ACT (2006) stated that
“the clearest differentiator in reading between students
who are college ready and students who are not is the
ability to comprehend complex texts” (p. 2). Students do
not need to be experts to be ready for college- level work,

601Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy Vol. 62 No. 6 May/June 2019 literacyworldwide.org

COMMENTARY

but they need to be prof icient in reading skills such
as independent reading, close/careful reading, read-
ing across texts, and stamina for reading longer pieces
(Springer, Wilson, & Dole, 2014). They also need well-
developed f luency in reading in terms of word recogni-
tion accuracy and automaticity (Rasinski et al., 2017).

To be able to use these reading skills, students need
to have an understanding of what they are being asked
to do for any given task, and they need to possess a rep-
ertoire of literacy strategies (Nist & Simpson, 2000).
However, many students who were proficient readers in
high school experience difficulty with academic literacy
tasks in college. There are a variety of reasons why this
difficulty may occur. It may be because they need more
advanced reading strategies for the types of texts that
they encounter in college, or it may be due to the varied
nature and sources of text (Holschuh & Aultman, 2009).
Students are often asked to read from multiple sources
in college, which may cause students to struggle when
asked to think across texts (Shanahan & Shanahan,
2012). Or, students may have a misunderstanding or
underestimation of the reading and writing tasks re-
quired in a particular discipline, which may lead them
to misjudge the depth of thinking required (Shanahan
& Shanahan, 2008).

Discipline Specific. Disciplinary literacy focuses on
teaching the k nowledge, abilities, a nd unique tools
that people w ithin a discipline use to par ticipate in
the discipline (Shanahan & Shanahan, 2012). There is
a growing body of evidence suggesting that knowledge
of discipline- specific strategies can prepare students to
meet college academic literacy demands by illuminating
important cultural practices of college (Moje, 2007). In
fact, for many students, learning the ways to navigate
across disciplines can ser ve as an important link for
entering students between in- school and out- of- school
knowledge (Moje, 2007). To prepare students for college
academic literacy demands, some high schools have
implemented reading courses for struggling students
that focus on general literacy and vocabulary strategies
(Lee & Spratley, 2010). However, this may leave students
underprepared to face the discipline- specif ic literacy
sk il ls that col lege students a re expected to possess
(Shanahan & Shanahan, 2008). Lee (2004) suggested
using students’ real- world language and experiences to
scaffold disciplinary learning.

Metacognitive Influences. Metacognitive awareness
of when to use a particular reading or study strategy is
commonly included in reading instruction, and in fact,
students who exhibit this type of awareness define what

it means to be an effective reader (Armstrong & Lampi,
2017). However, many students experience a discon-
nect between their perceived ability and their academic
performance. For example, despite mean raw scores
of below the 50th percentile on a reading comprehen-
sion test, Hooley and Thorpe (2017) found that 92% of
students believed that they understood what they were
reading most of the time and that 85% felt that they were
careful readers most of the time. Other research found
d iscrepa ncies between t he read i ng st rateg ies t hat
students reported using and those captured with eye
tracker data (Holschuh, Paulson, Lampi, Hernandez, &
Ramirez, 2014). These incongruities in metacognitive
awareness may be tied to the ability to use metacogni-
tive reading processes, which allow readers to detect
contradictions or inconsistencies in text, select impor-
tant information, and employ strategies depending on
the text and the discipline (Alexander, 2005; Pintrich,
2002).

Helping Students Prepare for
College Academic Literacy Tasks
In a discussion a few days before my undergraduate se-
mester, the geography professor expressed his frustra-
tion about students’ readiness for his class: “They don’t
even know where Wisconsin is! I give them the notes,
a study guide, a test review, and I think this will be the
semester where everyone gets an A.” He was sure that
providing more and more supports was the way to help
students succeed, but not surprisingly, these added sup-
ports did not ensure success for all, as evidenced by stu-
dent grades at the end of the semester. Although there
are many reasons why preparing students for academic
literacy tasks is difficult, there are some ways that sec-
ondary and college educators can help.

Build a Repertoire of Generative Strategies. Secondary
and college educators can teach strategies that help stu-
dents with college- level literacy tasks. Because reading is
a multidimensional, complex process (Alexander, 2012),
these strategies will need to do more than develop one skill
at a time. Readers need to know what strategies they are
employing, why they are using a particular strategy, and
under which conditions the strategy should be employed
(Armstrong & Lampi, 2017; Paris, Lipson, & Wixson,
1983). Reading in college is usually a solitary activity (Nist
& Simpson, 2000), so students need to learn generative
strategies that they can use independently (Holschuh &
Aultman, 2009; Nist & Simpson, 2002). However, know-
ing strategies, even the most effective ones, is not enough.
Unless students can move beyond teacher dependence

602Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy Vol. 62 No. 6 May/June 2019 literacyworldwide.org

COMMENTARY

and apply strategies on their own, they will have a difficult
time being prepared for the academic literacy demands
in college.

Build Independence. Educators can use strategies for
fostering independent reading and learning, including
peer collaboration, prov iding a mple time for lea rn-
ing, and allowing students to grapple with text (Hynd-
Shanahan, 2013). Scaffolding student learning while
providing students with the independence they need is
a careful balancing act. Sometimes students are given
too much scaffolding to prepare for a task. For example,
if students are told what they are going to read or given
questions to answer instead of guiding students to ask
their own questions, students are left with little to dis-
cover as they read (Hynd- Shanahan, 2013). Before they
enter college, students should be given ample opportu-
nity to read, analyze, and interpret on their own using
the strategies that they have learned. They should also
be encouraged to modify strategies in such a way that
they have ownership in the strategies.

Build Experience With College- Level Text. To bet-
ter prepa re t hem for col lege academ ic l iterac y de-
mands, students need to understand the components
that make text complex, such as text coherence, or-
ga n ization, d iscipl ina r y conventions, a nd sentence
structure (Shanahan, Fisher, & Frey, 2012). This is best
accomplished by teaching sophisticated, disciplinary
strategies using authentic, complex disciplinary text
(Holschuh, 2013). Instruction should begin with easier,
shor ter text; build complex ity and length over time
(Hynd- Shanahan, 2013); and include several genres of
nonfiction text, which plays the largest role in the types
of texts that students are expected to read (Yancey,
2009). Students also need experience in reading chal-
lenging text, which may be essential for developing lit-
eracy skills, as research has suggested that using easier
texts with learners who struggle with reading can ac-
tually impede literacy development (Shanahan et al.,
2012).

Build Stamina. Reading stamina is the ability to per-
severe in reading texts and is tied to maintaining mo-
tivation a nd persistence when read ing cha l leng ing
text (Shanahan et al., 2012). It is a skill that many read-
ers need to develop from the earliest stages in reading
(Trainin, Hiebert, & Wilson, 2015). However, provid-
ing easier readings is not the answer because it does
not necessarily improve motivation for reading and
will not lead to gains in reading skills. Building read-
ing st a m ina is most ef fective when instr uctors a re

open with students about the goal of building capacity
for reading and comprehension strategies in tandem
(Hynd- Shanahan, 2013). One way to increase stamina
is to focus instruction on creating successive successes
(Shanahan et al., 2012), where students apply what they
have learned and engage in their own reading of text as
they move toward independence. It is also important for
readers to experience a context where struggling with
text “is honored and a valued part of learning” (Hynd-
Shanahan, 2013, p. 96). This experience has the potential
to build capacity for reading with reduced frustration
if it is explicitly taught as a routine part of the learning
process. Additionally, the ability to stick with the task
of reading is often improved when students understand
the underlying mechanics of reading (Gulla, 2012).

Understand the Underlying Processes of Reading
and Learning. Readers need to do much more than
identify a main idea or detect an inference when they
read. They also need to be able to do more than skim
a text to glean basic facts. The most effective reading
strategies have metacognitive, cognitive, and affective
components and require purposeful effort to generate
meaning by building relations between the text and
what readers already know. Thus, readers are not pas-
sive participants; rather, they are intentionally orga-
nizing, isolating, and elaborating on key information
(Holschuh & Aultman, 2009; Nist & Simpson, 2002).
This will require a good deal of instruction, scaffolding,
and practice with different disciplines both within and
across genres of text (Holschuh & Aultman, 2009).

Concluding Thoughts
Students need some sca f folded experience w ith the
types of academic literacy tasks that they will experi-
ence before they enter college, and they will need con-
tinued support from educators once they matriculate
at college. As discussed earlier, for many students, the
tasks required in college seem familiar, but that can be
misleading. For example, at the beginning of this com-
mentary, I described several tasks that I experienced in
my undergraduate semester that would seem familiar to
most students. However, the tasks went beyond what is
typically expected of students before they enter college.
Rather than just watching a video, the task required
analysis, interpretation, and comparison with political
theories learned in class. Rather than being quizzed on
a list of memorized geological terms, the task required
application of that knowledge to be able to f ind exam-
ples on campus. To complete these tasks, students were
expected to have a well- developed understanding of the

603Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy Vol. 62 No. 6 May/June 2019 literacyworldwide.org

COMMENTARY

academic literacy expectations of each professor and in
each context, which is essentially a new trial by fire ev-
ery semester. In this commentary, I touched on several
reasons why it is difficult to prepare students for all of
the academic literacy demands that they may face; how-
ever, empowering students with independent, authentic
experiences before college has the potential to help ease
the transition for many learners.

REFERENCES

Achieve. (2011). Closing the expectations gap 2011: Sixth annual
50-state progress report on the alignment of high school poli-
cies with the demands of college and careers. Washington,
DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.achieve.org/files/
AchieveClosingtheExpectationsGap2011

ACT. (2006). Reading between the lines: What the ACT reveals about
college readiness in reading. Iowa City, IA: Author. Retrieved
f rom https://w w w.act.org /content/dam/act/unsecured/
documents/reading_summary

ACT. (2013). The condition of college and career readiness
2013. Iowa City, IA: Author. Retrieved from https://www.
act.org/content/dam/act/unsecured/documents/CCCR13-
NationalReadinessRpt

Alexander, P.A. (2005). The path to competence: A lifespan de-
velopmental perspective on reading. Journal of Literacy
Research, 37(4), 413–436. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15548430jl
r3704 _1

Alexander, P.A. (2012). Reading into the future: Competence for
the 21st century. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 259–280.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722511

American Institutes for Research. (2006, January 19). New study
of the literacy of college students finds some are graduating
with only basic skills [Press release]. Retrieved from https://
www.air.org/news/press-release/new-study-literacy-college-
students-finds-some-are-graduating-only-basic-skills

Armstrong, S.L., & Lampi, J.P. (2017). PILLAR: A reading strat-
egy for a new era of strategy instruction at the college level.
Journal of College Literacy and Learning, 43(3), 3–17.

Conley, D.T. (2014). New conceptions of college and career
ready: A profile approach to admission. Journal of College
Admission, 223, 12–23.

Doyle, W. (1983). Academic work. Review of Educational Research,
53(2), 159–199. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543053002159

Gallacher, I. (2007). “Who are those guys?”: The results of a survey
studying the information literacy of incoming law students.
California Western Law Review, 44(1), article 5. Retrieved
from https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr/vol44/
iss1/5

Gee, J.P. (2015). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in dis-
courses (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Greenleaf, C., Schoenbach, R., Cziko, C., & Mueller, F. (2001).
Apprenticing adolescent readers to academic literacy.
Harvard Educational Review, 71(1), 79–130. https://doi.org/
10.17763/haer.71.1.q811712577334038

Gulla, A.N. (2012). Putting the “shop” in reading workshop:
Building reading stamina in a ninth- grade literacy class
in a Bronx vocational high school. English Journal, 101(5),
57– 62.

Henry, L.A., & Stahl, N.A. (2017). Dismantling the developmen-
tal education pipeline: Potent pedagogies and promising
practices that address the college readiness gap. Journal

of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 60(6), 611–616. https://doi.
org/10.1002/jaal.640

Holschuh, J.P. (2013). Read and write like a college freshman:
Trying to walk in their shoes. English in Texas, 43(1), 6–13.

Holschuh, J.P., & Aultman, L. (2009). Comprehension devel-
opment. In R.F. Flippo & D.C. Caverly (Eds.), Handbook of
college reading and study strategy research (2nd ed., pp. 121–
144). New York, NY: Routledge.

Holschuh, J.P., & Paulson, E.J. (2013). The terrain of college
developmental reading. Oak Creek, WI: College Reading &
Learning Association. Retrieved from http://207.250.94.50/
images/whitepaper/TheTerrainofCollege91913

Holschuh, J.P., Paulson, E.J., Lampi, J., Hernandez, P., &
Ramirez, Y. (2014, November). I always read the sidebars:
Research on students’ perceived vs. actual strategy use. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the College Reading &
Learning Association, St. Paul, MN.

Hooley, D.S., & Thorpe, J. (2017). The effects of formative reading
assessments closely linked to classroom texts on high school
reading comprehension. Educational Technology Research
and Development, 65(5), 1215–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11423-017-9514-5

Hynd-Shanahan, C. (2013). What does it take? The challenge of
disciplinary literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy,
57(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.226

Lee, C.D. (2004). Literacy in the academic disciplines and the
needs of adolescent struggling readers. Voices in Urban
Education, 2004(3), 14–25.

Lee, C.D., & Spratley, A. (2010). Reading in the disciplines:
The challenges of adolescent literacy. New York: Carnegie
Corporation of New York.

Maxwell, M. (1979). Improving student learning skills: A com-
prehensive guide to successful practices and programs for
increasing the performance of underprepared students. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Moje, E.B. (2007). Developing socially just subject- matter in-
struction: A review of the literature on disciplinary liter-
acy teaching. Review of Research in Education, 31(1), 1–44.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X07300046001

Montana, P.G. (2017). Bridging the reading gap in the law school
classroom. Capital University Law Review, 45(3), 433–455.

National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). The Nation’s
Report Card: 2015 mathematics and reading at grade 12.
Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics,
Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of
Education. Retrieved from https://www.nationsreportcard.
gov/reading_math_g12_2015/

Nist, S.L., & Simpson, M.L. (2000). College studying. In M.L.
Kamil, P.B. Mosenthal, P.D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.),
Handbook of reading research (Vol. 3, pp. 645–666). Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum.

Nist, S.L., & Simpson, M.L. (2002). Developmental and college
reading. In B.J. Guzzetti (Ed.), Literacy in America: An ency-
clopedia of history, theory, and practice (Vol. 1, pp. 127–131).
Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Paris, S.G., Lipson, M.Y., & Wixson, K.K. (1983). Becoming a stra-
tegic reader. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8(3),
293–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(83)90018-8

Pintrich, P.R. (2002). The role of metacognitive knowledge in
learning, teaching, and assessing. Theory Into Practice,
41(4), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104 _3

Porter, H.D. (2018). Constructing an understanding of under-
graduate disciplinary reading: An analysis of contemporary

https://www.achieve.org/files/AchieveClosingtheExpectationsGap2011

https://www.act.org/content/dam/act/unsecured/documents/reading_summary

https://www.act.org/content/dam/act/unsecured/documents/CCCR13-NationalReadinessRpt

https://doi.org/10.1207/s15548430jlr3704_1

https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722511

https://www.air.org/news/press-release/new-study-literacy-college-students-finds-some-are-graduating-only-basic-skills

https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543053002159

https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr/vol44/iss1/5

https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.71.1.q811712577334038

https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.640

http://207.250.94.50/images/whitepaper/TheTerrainofCollege91913

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-017-9514-5

https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.226

https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X07300046001

https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_g12_2015/

https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(83)90018-8

https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_3

604Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy Vol. 62 No. 6 May/June 2019 literacyworldwide.org

COMMENTARY

scholarship. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 48(1),
25–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2017.1362970

RAND Reading Study Group. (2002). Reading for understanding:
Toward an R&D program in reading comprehension. Santa
Monica, CA: RAND.

Rasinski, T.V., Chang, S.-C., Edmondson, E., Nageldinger, J.,
Nigh, J., Remark, L., … Rupley, W.H. (2017). Reading f lu-
ency and college readiness. Journal of Adolescent & Adult
Literacy, 60(4), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.559

Shanahan, T., Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2012). The challenge of chal-
lenging text. Educational Leadership, 69(6), 58–62.

Shanahan, T., & Shanahan, C. (2008). Teaching disciplinary liter-
acy to adolescents: Rethinking content- area literacy. Harvard
Educational Review, 78(1), 40 –59. https://doi.org/10.17763/
haer.78.1.v62444321p602101

Shanahan, T., & Shanahan, C. (2012). What is disciplinary lit-
eracy and why does it matter? Topics in Language Disorders,
32(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e318244557a

Springer, S.E., Wilson, T.J., & Dole, J.A. (2014). Ready or not:
Recognizing and preparing college- ready students. Journal

of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 58(4), 299–307. https://doi.
org/10.1002/jaal.363

Stahl, N.A., & Armstrong, S.L. (2018). Re- claiming, re- inventing,
and re- reforming a field: The future of college reading.
Journal of College Reading and Learning, 48(1), 47–66. https://
doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2017.1362969

Stahl, N.A., & King, J.R. (2009). A history of college reading. In
R.F. Flippo & D.C. Caverly (Eds.), Handbook of college read-
ing and study strategy research (2nd ed., pp. 3–25). New York,
NY: Routledge.

Trainin, G., Hiebert, E.H., & Wilson, K.M. (2015). A comparison
of reading rates, comprehension, and stamina in oral and si-
lent reading of fourth- grade students. Reading Psychology,
36(7), 595–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2014.966183

Wyatt, M. (1992). The past, present, and future need for college
reading courses in the U.S. Journal of Reading, 36(1), 10–20.

Yancey, K.B. (2009). The literacy demands of entering the uni-
versity. In L. Christenbury, R. Bomer, & P. Smagorinsky
(Eds.), Handbook of adolescent literacy research (pp. 256–
270). New York, NY: Guilford.

■ Children’s Choices

■ Young Adults’ Choices

■ Teachers’ Choices

ILA Gives
You Choices!
Looking for a good book? Check
out the 2018 Choices Reading
Lists—vetted by students and
teachers themselves:

See all the lists at
literacyworldwide.org/choices

https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2017.1362970

https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.559

https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.78.1.v62444321p602101

https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e318244557a

https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.363

https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2017.1362969

https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2014.966183

Outline of academic disciplines

Main article: Discipline (academia)

An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of
knowledge that is taught and researched as part of higher
education. A scholar’s discipline is commonly defined
and received by the university faculties and learned soci-
eties to which he or she belongs and the academic jour-
nals in which he or she publishes research. However, no
formal criteria exists for defining an academic discipline.
Disciplines vary between well-established ones that exist
in almost all universities and have well-defined rosters of
journals and conferences and nascent ones supported by
only a few universities and publications. A discipline may
have branches, and these are often called sub-disciplines.
There is no consensus on how some academic disci-
plines should be classified (e.g., whether anthropology
and linguistics are discipline of social sciences or fields
within the humanities). More generally, the proper cri-
teria for organizing knowledge into disciplines are also
open to debate.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and
topical guide to academic disciplines.

Arts

Main article: The arts

1.1 Performing arts

Main articles: Performing arts and Outline of performing
arts

• Music (outline)

• Accompanying
• Chamber music
• Church music
• Conducting

• Choral conducting
• Orchestral conducting
• Wind ensemble conducting

• Early music
• Jazz studies (outline)

• Musical composition
• Music education
• Music history
• Musicology

• Historical musicology
• Systematic musicology

• Ethnomusicology
• Music theory
• Orchestral studies
• Organology

• Organ and historical keyboards
• Piano
• Strings, harp, oud, and guitar (outline)
• Singing
• Woodwinds, brass, and percussion

• Recording

• Dance (outline)

• Choreography
• Dance notation
• Ethnochoreology
• History of dance

• Television (outline)

• Television studies

• Theatre (outline)

• Acting
• Directing
• Dramaturgy

• History

• Musical theatre
• Playwrighting
• Puppetry
• Scenography
• Stage design

• Film (outline)

• Animation
• Film criticism
• Filmmaking
• Film theory
• Live action

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipline_(academia)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_(division)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_society

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_decision-making

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_(list)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_performing_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accompaniment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_jazz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_musicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomusicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_guitars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_dance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_notation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_dance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_theatre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_director

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_theater

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwrighting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_film

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_criticism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_action

2 2 HUMANITIES

1.2 Visual arts

Main articles: Visual arts and Outline of the visual arts

• Fine arts

• Graphic arts
• Drawing (outline)
• Painting (outline)
• Photography (outline)

• Sculpture (outline)

• Applied arts

• Animation
• Calligraphy
• Decorative arts
• Mixed media
• Printmaking
• Studio art
• Architecture (Outline of architecture

• Interior architecture
• Landscape architecture
• Architectural analytics
• Historic preservation
• Interior design (interior architecture)
• Landscape architecture (landscape plan-
ning)

• Landscape design
• Technical drawing
• Information architecture
• Urban planning (urban design)

• Outline of design
• Fashion design
• Textile design
• User experience design

• Interaction design
• User experience evaluation
• User interface design

• Visual communication
• Graphic design
• Type design

• Industrial design (product design)
• Ergonomics (outline)
• Game design
• Toy and amusement design

2 Humanities

Main articles:

Humanities

and Outline of the humanities

2.1 Geography

Main articles: Geography, Outline of geography, and
Human geography

• Cartography (outline)

• Cultural geography

• Feminist geography

• Economic geography

• Development geography

• Historical geography

• Political geography & geopolitics

• Population geography

• Military geography
• Strategic geography

• Social geography

• Behavioral geography
• Children’s geographies
• Health geography
• Tourism geography

• Time geography

• Urban geography

2.2 History

Main articles: History and Outline of history

• African history

• American history

• Ancient history

• Ancient Greek history (outline)
• Ancient Roman history (outline)

• Asian history

• Chinese history
• Indian history (outline)
• Indonesian history
• Iranian history

• Australian history

• Economic history

• Environmental history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_drawing_and_drawings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_painting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_photography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_art

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Analytics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_planning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience_evaluation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_communication

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ergonomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cartography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%2527s_geographies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece#General_history_of_ancient_Greece

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_history

2.4 Philosophy 3

• European history

• Intellectual history

• Latin American history

• Modern history

• Political history

• Pre-Columbian era

• Russian history

• Scientific history

• Technological history

• World history

2.3 Languages and literature

Main articles: Literature, Outline of literature, and
Language

• Linguistics (Outline of linguistics)

• Applied linguistics
• Composition studies
• Computational linguistics
• Discourse analysis
• English studies
• Etymology
• Grammar
• Historical linguistics
• History of linguistics
• Interlinguistics
• Lexicology
• Linguistic typology
• Morphology (linguistics)
• Natural language processing
• Philology
• Phonetics
• Phonology
• Pragmatics
• Psycholinguistics
• Rhetoric
• Semantics
• Semiotics (outline)

• Sociolinguistics

• Syntax
• Usage

• Word usage

• Comparative literature

• Creative writing

• Fiction (outline)
• Non-fiction

• English literature

• History of literature

• Medieval literature
• Post-colonial literature
• Post-modern literature

• Literary theory

• Critical theory (outline)
• Literary criticism
• Poetics
• Rhetoric

• Poetry

• World literature

• African-American literature
• American literature
• British literature

2.4 Philosophy

Main articles: Philosophy and Outline of philosophy

• Aesthetics (outline) / Philosophy of Art

• Applied philosophy

• Philosophy of education
• Philosophy of engineering
• Philosophy of history
• Philosophy of language
• Philosophy of law
• Philosophy of mathematics
• Philosophy of music
• Philosophy of religion
• Philosophy of science

• Philosophy of biology
• Philosophy of chemistry
• Philosophy of economics
• Philosophy of physics
• Philosophy of psychology
• Philosophy of social science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latin_America

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_political_thought

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_semiotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_usage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_writing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_fiction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-colonial_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_critical_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_Art

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy#Applied_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science

4 3 SOCIAL SCIENCES

• Systems philosophy

• Epistemology (outline)

• Justification
• Reasoning errors

• Ethics (outline)

• Applied ethics
• Animal rights
• Bioethics
• Environmental ethics

• Meta-ethics
• Moral psychology, Descriptive ethics, Value
theory

• Normative ethics
• Virtue ethics

• History of philosophy

• Ancient philosophy
• Contemporary philosophy
• Medieval philosophy

• Humanism (outline)
• Scholasticism

• Modern philosophy

• Logic (outline)

• Mathematical logic
• Philosophical logic

• Meta-philosophy

• Metaphysics (outline)

• Philosophy of Action
• Determinism and Free will
• Ontology
• Philosophy of mind

• Philosophy of pain
• Philosophy of artificial intelligence
• Philosophy of perception

• Philosophy of space and time
• Teleology
• Theism and Atheism

• Philosophical traditions and schools

• African philosophy
• Analytic philosophy
• Aristotelianism
• Continental philosophy
• Eastern philosophy

• Feminist philosophy
• Platonism

• Social philosophy and political philosophy

• Anarchism (outline)
• Feminist philosophy
• Libertarianism (outline)
• Marxism

2.5 Theology

Main articles: Theology and Outline of theology

• • Theology
• Bible Studies
• History of the Church
• Religious Studies
• Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Greek, Aramaic

3 Social sciences

Main articles: Social science and Outline of social
science

3.1 Economics

Main articles: Economics and Outline of economics

• Agricultural economics

• Anarchist economics

• Applied economics

• Behavioural economics

• Bioeconomics

• Complexity economics

• Computational economics

• Consumer economics

• Development economics

• Ecological economics

• Econometrics

• Economic geography
• Economic history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies#Informal_fallacies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_humanism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_metaphysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(philosophy)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_movement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_theology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Church

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Greek

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_social_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomics_(biophysical)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history

3.2 Law 5

• Economic sociology

• Economic systems

• Energy economics

• Entrepreneurial economics

• Environmental economics

• Evolutionary economics

• Experimental economics

• Feminist economics

• Financial econometrics

• Financial economics

• Green economics

• Growth economics

• Human development theory

• Industrial organization

• Information economics

• Institutional economics

• International economics

• Islamic economics

• Labor economics

• Law and economics

• Macroeconomics

• Managerial economics

• Marxian economics

• Mathematical economics

• Microeconomics

• Monetary economics

• Neuroeconomics

• Participatory economics

• Political economy

• Public economics

• Public finance

• Real estate economics

• Resource economics

• Social choice theory

• Socialist economics

• Socioeconomics

• Transport economics

• Welfare economics

3.2 Law

Main articles: Law and Outline of law

• Administrative law

• Canon law

• Civil law

• Admiralty law
• Animal law/Animal rights
• Civil procedure
• Common law
• Contract law
• Corporations
• Environmental law
• Family law
• Federal law
• International law

• Public international law
• Supranational law

• Labor law
• Paralegal studies
• Property law
• Tax law
• Tort law (outline)

• Comparative law

• Competition law

• Constitutional law

• Criminal law

• Criminal justice (outline)
• Criminal procedure

• Forensic science (outline)
• Police science

• Islamic law

• Jewish law (outline)

• Jurisprudence (Philosophy of Law)

• Legal management

• Business law
• Corporate law
• Mercantile law

• Procedural law

• Substantive law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurial_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_econometrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_organization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerial_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroeconomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralegal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_tort_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_criminal_justice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_forensic_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Jewish_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantile_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_law

6 3 SOCIAL SCIENCES

3.3 Political science

Main articles: Politics, Political science, and Outline of
political science

• American politics

• Canadian politics

• Civics

• Comparative politics

• European studies

• Geopolitics (Political geography)

• International relations

• International organizations

• Nationalism studies

• Peace and conflict studies

• Policy studies

• Political behavior

• Political culture

• Political economy
• Political history

• Political philosophy

• Psephology

• Social choice theory

3.4 Psychology

Main articles: Psychology, Outline of psychology, and
List of psychology disciplines
See also: Branches of psychology, Cognitive science,
Affective science, and Behavioural sciences

• Abnormal psychology

• Applied psychology

• Asian psychology

• Biological psychology

• Black psychology

• Clinical neuropsychology

• Clinical psychology

• Cognitive psychology

• Community psychology

• Comparative psychology

• Conservation psychology

• Consumer psychology

• Counseling psychology

• Criminal psychology

• Cultural psychology

• Developmental psychology

• Differential psychology

• Ecological psychology

• Educational psychology

• Environmental psychology

• Evolutionary psychology

• Experimental psychology

• Group psychology

• Family psychology

• Feminine psychology

• Forensic developmental psychology

• Forensic psychology

• Health psychology

• Humanistic psychology

• Indigenous psychology

• Legal psychology

• Masculine psychology

• Mathematical psychology

• Media psychology

• Medical psychology

• Military psychology

• Moral psychology and Descriptive ethics

• Music psychology

• Neuropsychology

• Occupational health psychology

• Occupational psychology

• Organizational psychology

• Parapsychology (outline)

• Pediatric psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Canada

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_disciplines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology#Subfields

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_developmental_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculine_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_ethics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_psychology

3.5 Sociology 7

• Pedology (children study)

• Personality psychology

• Phenomenology

• Political psychology

• Positive psychology

• Psychoanalysis

• Psychobiology

• Psychology of religion

• Psychometrics

• Psychopathology

• Child psychopathology

• Psychophysics

• Quantitative psychology

• Rehabilitation psychology

• School psychology

• Social psychology

• Sport psychology

• Traffic psychology

• Transpersonal psychology

3.5 Sociology

Main articles: Sociology and Outline of sociology

• Analytical sociology

• Applied sociology

• Leisure studies
• Political sociology
• Public sociology
• Social engineering

• Architectural sociology

• Area studies

• African studies
• American studies

• Appalachian studies
• Canadian studies
• Latin American studies

• Asian studies
• Central Asian studies

• East Asian studies
• Indology
• Iranian studies
• Japanese studies
• Korean studies
• Pakistan studies
• Sindhology
• Sinology (outline)
• Southeast Asian studies

• Australian studies
• European studies

• Celtic studies
• German studies
• Scandinavian studies
• Slavic studies

• Middle Eastern studies

• Behavioral sociology

• Chinese sociology

• Collective behavior

• Social movements

• Community informatics

• Social network analysis

• Comparative sociology

• Conflict theory

• Criminology/Criminal justice (outline)

• Critical management studies

• Critical sociology

• Cultural sociology

• Cultural studies/ethnic studies

• Africana studies
• Cross-cultural studies
• Culturology
• Ethnology
• Whiteness studies

• Demography/Population

• Digital sociology

• Dramaturgical sociology

• Economic sociology

• Educational sociology

• Empirical sociology

• Environmental sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_(children_study)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_psychopathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_Psychology_(journal)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sinology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_behavior

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_behavior

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movements

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_informatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_criminal_justice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_management_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africana_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteness_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sociology

8 3 SOCIAL SCIENCES

• Evolutionary sociology

• Feminist sociology

• Figurational sociology

• Futures studies (outline)

• Gender studies

• Men’s studies
• Women’s studies

• Historical sociology

• Human ecology

• Humanistic sociology

• Industrial sociology

• Interactionism

• Interpretive sociology

• Ethnomethodology
• Phenomenology
• Social constructionism
• Symbolic interactionism

• Jealousy sociology

• Macrosociology

• Marxist sociology

• Mathematical sociology

• Medical sociology

• Mesosociology

• Microsociology

• Military sociology

• Natural resource sociology

• Organizational studies

• Phenomenological sociology

• Policy sociology

• Polish sociology

• Psychoanalytic sociology

• Science studies/Science and technology studies

• Sexology

• Heterosexism
• Human sexual behavior
• Human sexuality (outline)
• Queer studies/Queer theory

• Sex education

• Social capital

• Social change

• Social conflict theory

• Social control

• Pure sociology

• Social economy

• Social philosophy

• Social policy

• Social psychology

• Social research

• Social stratification

• Social theory

• Social transformation

• Computational sociology
• Economic sociology/Socioeconomics

• Economic development
• Social development

• Sociobiology

• Sociocybernetics

• Sociolinguistics

• Sociological theory

• Sociology of aging

• Sociology of agriculture

• Sociology of art

• Sociology of autism

• Sociology of childhood

• Sociology of conflict

• Sociology of culture

• Sociology of cyberspace

• Sociology of development

• Sociology of deviance

• Sociology of disaster

• Sociology of education

• Sociology of emotions

• Sociology of fatherhood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurational_Sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_futures_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%2527s_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%2527s_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretive_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomethodology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealousy_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenological_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conflict_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_control

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_economy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_research

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_transformation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontology#Social_gerontology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_art

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_childhood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conflict

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_fatherhood

• Sociology of finance

• Sociology of food

• Sociology of gender

• Sociology of generations

• Sociology of globalization

• Sociology of government

• Sociology of health and illness

• Sociology of human consciousness

• Sociology of immigration

• Sociology of knowledge

• Sociology of language

• Sociology of law

• Sociology of leisure

• Sociology of literature

• Sociology of markets

• Sociology of marriage

• Sociology of motherhood

• Sociology of music

• Sociology of natural resources

• Sociology of organizations

• Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict

• Sociology of punishment

• Sociology of race and ethnic relations

• Sociology of religion

• Sociology of risk

• Sociology of science

• Sociology of scientific knowledge

• Sociology of social change

• Sociology of social movements

• Sociology of space

• Sociology of sport

• Sociology of technology

• Sociology of terrorism

• Sociology of the body

• Sociology of the family

• Sociology of the history of science

• Sociology of the Internet

• Sociology of work

• Sociomusicology

• Structural sociology

• Theoretical sociology

• Urban studies or Urban sociology/Rural sociology

• Victimology

• Visual sociology

4 Natural sciences

Main articles: Science, Formal sciences, Natural science,
and Outline of natural science

4.1 Biology

Main article: List of life sciences
See also: Biology and Outline of biology

• Aerobiology

• Anatomy

• Comparative anatomy
• Human anatomy (outline)

• Biochemistry (outline)

• Bioinformatics

• Biophysics (outline)

• Biotechnology (outline)

• Botany (outline)

• Ethnobotany
• Phycology

• Cell biology (outline)

• Chronobiology

• Computational biology

• Cryobiology

• Developmental biology

• Embryology
• Teratology

• Ecology (outline)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_food

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_gender

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_generations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_literature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_marriage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family#Sociology_of_motherhood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociomusicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_behavior

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_sport

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociomusicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biotechnology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_botany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ecology

10 4 NATURAL SCIENCES

• Agroecology

• Ethnoecology
• Human ecology
• Landscape ecology

• Endocrinology

• Evolutionary biology

• Genetics (outline)

• Behavioural genetics
• Molecular genetics
• Population genetics

• Histology

• Human biology

• Immunology (outline)

• Limnology

• Linnaean taxonomy

• Marine biology

• Mathematical biology

• Microbiology

• Molecular biology

• Mycology

• Neuroscience (outline)

• Behavioral neuroscience

• Nutrition (outline)

• Paleobiology

• Paleontology

• Parasitology

• Pathology

• Anatomical pathology
• Clinical pathology
• Dermatopathology
• Forensic pathology
• Hematopathology
• Histopathology
• Molecular pathology
• Surgical pathology

• Physiology

• Human physiology
• Exercise physiology

• Structural Biology

• Systematics (Taxonomy)

• Systems biology

• Virology

• Molecular virology

• Xenobiology

• Zoology (outline)

• Animal communications
• Apiology
• Arachnology
• Carcinology
• Cetology

• Entomology

• Forensic entomology
• Ethnozoology
• Ethology
• Helminthology
• Herpetology
• Ichthyology (outline)
• Mammalogy
• Malacology

• Conchology
• Myrmecology (outline)
• Nematology
• Neuroethology
• Oology
• Ornithology (outline)
• Planktology
• Primatology
• Zootomy
• Zoosemiotics

4.2 Chemistry

Main articles: Chemistry and Outline of chemistry
See also: Branches of chemistry

• Agrochemistry

• Analytical chemistry

• Astrochemistry

• Atmospheric chemistry

• Biochemistry (outline)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_genetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_genetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_nutrition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatopathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_virology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_zoology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_entomology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnozoology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_fish

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalogy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ants

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroethology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_birds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoosemiotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry

4.3 Earth and space sciences 11

• Chemical biology

• Chemical engineering (outline)

• Cheminformatics

• Computational chemistry

• Cosmochemistry

• Electrochemistry

• Environmental chemistry

• Femtochemistry

• Flavor

• Flow chemistry

• Geochemistry

• Green chemistry

• Histochemistry

• Hydrogenation

• Immunochemistry

• Inorganic chemistry

• Marine chemistry

• Mathematical chemistry

• Mechanochemistry

• Medicinal chemistry

• Molecular biology

• Molecular mechanics

• Nanotechnology

• Natural product chemistry

• Neurochemistry

• Oenology

• Organic chemistry (outline)

• Organometallic chemistry

• Petrochemistry

• Pharmacology

• Photochemistry

• Physical chemistry

• Physical organic chemistry

• Phytochemistry

• Polymer chemistry

• Quantum chemistry

• Radiochemistry

• Solid-state chemistry

• Sonochemistry

• Supramolecular chemistry

• Surface chemistry

• Synthetic chemistry

• Theoretical chemistry

• Thermochemistry

4.3 Earth and space sciences

Main articles: Earth science, Outline of earth science,
and Outline of space science
See also: Branches of earth sciences

• Edaphology

• Environmental chemistry

• Environmental science

• Gemology

• Geochemistry

• Geodesy

• Geography (outline)

• Geology (outline)

• Geomorphology

• Geophysics (outline)

• Glaciology

• Hydrogeology

• Hydrology (outline)

• Meteorology (outline)

• Mineralogy

• Oceanography

• Paleontology

• Paleobiology
• Paleoecology

• Pedology

• Petrology

• Sedimentology

• Soil science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_organic_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_earth_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_space_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science#Partial_list_of_the_major_earth_science_topics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_meteorology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science

12 4 NATURAL SCIENCES

• Speleology

• Tectonics

• Volcanology

• Astrobiology

• Astronomy (outline)

• Observational astronomy
• Gamma ray astronomy
• Infrared astronomy
• Microwave astronomy
• Optical astronomy
• Radio astronomy
• UV astronomy
• X-ray astronomy

• Astrophysics

• Gravitational astronomy
• Black holes

• Interstellar medium

• Numerical simulations

• Astrophysical plasma
• Galaxy formation and evolution
• High-energy astrophysics
• Hydrodynamics
• Magnetohydrodynamics
• Star formation

• Physical cosmology

• Stellar astrophysics

• Helioseismology
• Stellar evolution
• Stellar nucleosynthesis

• Planetary science

4.4 Mathematics

Main articles: Mathematics and Outline of mathematics

See also: Branches of mathematics and
Mathematics Subject Classification

Pure mathematics

• Mathematical logic and Foundations ofmathematics

• Intuitionistic logic
• Modal logic

• Model theory
• Proof theory
• Recursion theory
• Set theory

• Algebra (outline)

• Associative algebra
• Category theory

• Topos theory
• Differential algebra
• Field theory
• Group theory

• Group representation
• Homological algebra
• K-theory
• Lattice theory (Order theory)
• Lie algebra
• Linear algebra (Vector space)
• Multilinear algebra
• Non-associative algebra
• Representation theory
• Ring theory

• Commutative algebra
• Noncommutative algebra

• Universal algebra

• Analysis

• Complex analysis
• Functional analysis

• Operator theory
• Harmonic analysis

• Fourier analysis
• Non-standard analysis
• Ordinary differential equations
• p-adic analysis
• Partial differential equations
• Real analysis

• Calculus (outline)

• Probability theory

• Ergodic theory
• Measure theory

• Integral geometry
• Stochastic process

• Geometry (outline) and Topology

• Affine geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmic_microwave_background_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_medium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_numerical_simulation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_plasma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helioseismology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_of_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_Subject_Classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_theory_(mathematics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_representation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homological_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-associative_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_algebra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_calculus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodic_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_process

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_geometry

4.5 Physics 13

• Algebraic geometry
• Algebraic topology
• Convex geometry
• Differential topology
• Discrete geometry
• Finite geometry
• Galois geometry
• General topology
• Geometric topology
• Integral geometry
• Noncommutative geometry
• Non-Euclidean geometry
• Projective geometry

• Number theory

• Algebraic number theory
• Analytic number theory
• Arithmetic combinatorics
• Geometric number theory

Applied mathematics

• Approximation theory

• Combinatorics (outline)

• Coding theory

• Cryptography

• Dynamical systems

• Chaos theory

• Fractal geometry

• Game theory

• Graph theory

• Information theory

• Mathematical physics

• Quantum field theory
• Quantum gravity

• String theory
• Quantum mechanics

• Statistical mechanics

• Numerical analysis

• Operations research

• Assignment problem
• Decision analysis

• Dynamic programming
• Inventory theory
• Linear programming
• Mathematical optimization
• Optimal maintenance
• Real options analysis
• Scheduling
• Stochastic processes
• Systems analysis

• Statistics (outline)

• Actuarial science
• Demography
• Econometrics
• Mathematical statistics

• Theory of computation

• Computational complexity theory

4.5 Physics

Main articles: Physics and Outline of physics

• Acoustics

• Applied physics

• Astrophysics

• Atomic, molecular, and optical physics

• Biophysics (outline)

• Computational physics

• Condensed matter physics

• Cryogenics

• Electromagnetism

• Elementary particle physics

• Experimental physics

• Fluid dynamics

• Geophysics (outline)
• Mathematical physics

• Mechanics

• Medical physics

• Molecular physics

• Newtonian dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_topology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_topology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_topology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_number_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_combinatorics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_number_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_combinatorics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_problem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_maintenance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_options_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_shop_scheduling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_processes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_statistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_statistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geophysics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%2527s_laws_of_motion

14 5 APPLIED SCIENCES

• Nuclear physics

• Optics

• Plasma physics

• Quantum physics

• Solid mechanics

• Solid state physics

• Statistical mechanics

• Theoretical physics

• Thermodynamics

• Vehicle dynamics

5 Applied sciences

Main articles: Applied science and Outline of applied
science

5.1 Agriculture and agricultural sciences

Main articles: Agriculture and Agricultural sciences

• Agroecology

• Agrology

• Agronomy

• Animal husbandry (Animal science)

• Beekeeping (Apiculture)

• Entomology
• Agricultural economics

• Agricultural engineering

• Biological systems engineering
• Food engineering

• Aquaculture

• Enology

• Food science

• Horticulture

• Hydrology (outline)

• Pedology (soil study)

• Plant science (outline)

• Pomology

• Viticulture

5.2 Computer science

Main articles: Computer science and Outline of com-
puter science
See also: ACM Computing Classification System

Also a branch of electrical engineering

• Logic in computer science

• Formal methods (Formal verification)

• Logic programming
• Multi-valued logic

• Fuzzy logic
• Programming language semantics
• Type theory

• Algorithms

• Computational geometry
• Distributed algorithms
• Parallel algorithms
• Randomized algorithms

• Artificial intelligence (outline)

• Cognitive science
• Automated reasoning
• Computer vision (outline)
• Machine learning

• Artificial neural network
• Support vector machine

• Natural language processing
(Computational linguistics)

• Expert systems

• Robotics (outline)

• Data structures

• Computer architecture

• Computer graphics

• Image processing
• Scientific visualization

• Computer communications (networks)

• Cloud computing
• Information theory
• Internet, World Wide Web
• Ubiquitous computing
• Wireless computing (Mobile computing)

• Computer security and reliability

• Cryptography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiculture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_botany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valued_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_algorithms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_algorithms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_reasoning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_vision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_linguistics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_visualization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography

5.3 Engineering and technology 15

• Fault-tolerant computing

• Computing in mathematics, natural sciences,
engineering, and medicine

• Algebraic (symbolic) computation
• Computational biology (bioinformatics)
• Computational chemistry
• Computational mathematics
• Computational neuroscience
• Computational number theory
• Computational physics
• Computer-aided engineering

• Computational fluid dynamics
• Finite element analysis

• Numerical analysis
• Scientific computing (Computational science)

• Computing in social sciences, arts, humanities, and
professions

• Community informatics
• Computational economics
• Computational finance
• Computational sociology
• Digital humanities (Humanities computing)
• History of computer hardware
• History of computer science (outline)
• Humanistic informatics
• Database (outline)

• Distributed database
• Object database
• Relational database

• Data management
• Data mining
• Information management
• Information retrieval

• Knowledge management

• Multimedia, hypermedia

• Sound and music computing

• Distributed computing

• Grid computing

• Human-computer interaction

• Information science (outline)

• Operating systems

• Parallel computing

• High-performance computing

• Programming languages

• Compilers
• Programming paradigms

• Concurrent programming
• Functional programming
• Imperative programming
• Logic programming
• Object-oriented programming

• Program semantics
• Type theory

• Quantum computing

• Software engineering

• Formal methods (Formal verification)
• Theory of computation

• Automata theory (Formal languages)
• Computability theory
• Computational complexity theory
• Concurrency theory

• VLSI design

5.3 Engineering and technology

Main articles: Engineering, Outline of engineering,
Technology, and Outline of technology
See also: List of engineering branches

Chemical Engineering

• Bioengineering

• Biochemical engineering
• Biomolecular engineering

• Catalysis

• Materials engineering

• Molecular engineering

• Nanotechnology

• Polymer engineering

• Process design

• Petroleum engineering
• Nuclear engineering
• Food engineering

• Process engineering

• Reaction engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault-tolerant_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_computation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_number_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_informatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_economics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science#History_of_computer_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_informatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_databases

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_database

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_database

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_and_music_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_information_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_programming_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_semantics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_methods

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_theory_(computer_science)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)#Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioengineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_engineering

16 5 APPLIED SCIENCES

• Thermodynamics

• Transport phenomena

Civil Engineering

• Coastal engineering

• Earthquake engineering

• Ecological engineering

• Environmental engineering

• Geotechnical engineering

• Engineering geology

• Hydraulic engineering

• Mining engineering

• Transportation engineering

• Highway engineering

• Structural engineering

• Architectural engineering

• Structural mechanics

• Surveying

Educational Technology

• Instructional design

• Distance education
• Instructional simulation

• Human performance technology

• Knowledge management

Electrical Engineering

• Applied physics

• Computer engineering (outline)

• Computer science

• Control systems engineering

• Control theory

• Electronic engineering

• Instrumentation engineering

• Engineering physics

• Photonics

• Information theory

• Mechatronics

• Power engineering

• Quantum computing
• Robotics (outline)

• Semiconductors

• Telecommunications engineering

Materials Science and Engineering

• Biomaterials

• Ceramic engineering

• Crystallography

• Nanomaterials

• Photonics

• Physical Metallurgy

• Polymer engineering

• Polymer science

• Semiconductors

Mechanical Engineering

• Aerospace engineering

• Aeronautics
• Astronautics

• Acoustical engineering

• Automotive engineering

• Biomedical engineering

• Biomechanical engineering

• Continuum mechanics

• Fluid mechanics

• Heat transfer

• Industrial engineering

• Manufacturing engineering

• Marine engineering

• Mass transfer

• Mechatronics

• Nanoengineering

• Ocean engineering

• Optical engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_phenomena

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_simulation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_performance_technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_robotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transfer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_construction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering

5.4 Medicine and health sciences 17

• Robotics

• Thermodynamics

• Vehicle engineering

Systems science

• Chaos theory

• Complex system

• Complex systems

• Conceptual systems

• Control theory

• Affect control theory
• Control engineering
• Control systems
• Dynamical systems
• Perceptual control theory

• Cybernetics

• Biocybernetics
• Engineering cybernetics
• Management cybernetics
• Medical cybernetics
• New Cybernetics
• Second-order cybernetics
• Sociocybernetics

• Network science

• Operations research
• Systems biology

• Computational systems biology
• Synthetic biology
• Systems immunology
• Systems neuroscience

• System dynamics

• Social dynamics

• Systems ecology

• Ecosystem ecology

• Systems engineering

• Biological systems engineering
• Earth systems engineering and management
• Enterprise systems engineering
• Systems analysis

• Systems psychology

• Ergonomics
• Family systems theory
• Systemic therapy

• Systems theory

• Biochemical systems theory
• Ecological systems theory
• Developmental systems theory
• General systems theory
• Living systems theory
• LTI system theory
• Mathematical system theory
• Sociotechnical systems theory
• World-systems theory

• Systems theory in anthropology

5.4 Medicine and health sciences

Main articles: Medicine, Healthcare science, and Outline
of health sciences
See also: Outline of medicine and Branches of medicine

• Alternative medicine

• Cardiology

• Cardiac electrophysiology

• Clinical laboratory sciences/Clinical pathol-
ogy/Laboratory medicine

• Clinical biochemistry
• Cytogenetics
• Cytohematology
• Cytology (outline)
• Haemostasiology
• Histology
• Clinical immunology
• Clinical microbiology
• Molecular genetics
• Parasitology

• Clinical physiology

• Dentistry (outline)

• Dental hygiene and epidemiology
• Dental surgery
• Endodontics
• Implantology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_control_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_control_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_cybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_systems_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_immunology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_neuroscience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_therapy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTI_system_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_system_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociotechnical_systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_health_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_laboratory_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_biochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohematology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemostasiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_immunology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_physiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_dentistry_and_oral_health

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_hygienist

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodontics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_implant

18 5 APPLIED SCIENCES

• Oral and maxillofacial surgery
• Orthodontics
• Periodontics
• Prosthodontics

• Dermatology

• Emergency medicine (outline)

• Endocrinology

• Gastroenterology

• Hepatology

• Geriatrics

• Gynaecology

• Health informatics/Clinical informatics

• Hematology

• Infectious disease

• Intensive care medicine

• Internal medicine

• Medical toxicology

• Music therapy

• Nephrology

• Neurology

• Nursing

• Nutrition (outline) and dietetics

• Obstetrics (outline)

• Occupational hygiene

• Occupational therapy

• Occupational toxicology

• Oncology

• Ophthalmology

• Neuro-ophthalmology

• Optometry

• Orthoptics

• Otolaryngology

• Pathology

• Pediatrics

• Pharmaceutical sciences

• Pharmacy

• Physical fitness

• Group Fitness / aerobics
• Kinesiology / Exercise science / Human per-
formance

• Personal fitness training

• Physical therapy

• Physiotherapy

• Podiatry

• Preventive medicine

• Primary care

• General practice

• Psychiatry (outline)

• Forensic psychiatry

• Psychology (outline)

• Public health

• Pulmonology

• Radiology

• Recreational therapy

• Rehabilitation medicine

• Respiratory therapy

• Rheumatology

• Sleep medicine

• Speech-language pathology

• Sports medicine

• Surgery

• Bariatric surgery
• Cardiothoracic surgery
• Neurosurgery
• Orthopedic surgery
• Plastic surgery
• Trauma surgery
• Traumatology

• Urology

• Andrology

• Veterinary medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthodontics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_emergency_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_informatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_informatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_toxicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_nutrition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_obstetrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hygiene

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_toxicology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolaryngology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fitness_training

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_medical_services

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_therapy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_therapy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech-language_pathology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariatric_surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_surgery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_medicine

6 See also

Main article: Branches of science

• Academia (outline)

• Academic genealogy

• Curriculum

• Multidisciplinary approach

• Interdisciplinarity

• Transdisciplinarity

• Professions

• Classification of Instructional Programs

• Joint Academic Coding System

• List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States

References

• Abbott, Andrew (2001). Chaos of Disciplines. Uni-
versity of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00101-
2.

• Oleson, Alexandra; Voss, John (1979). The Organi-
zation of knowledge in modern America, 1860-1920.
ISBN 0-8018-2108-8.

• US Department of Education Institute of Education
Sciences. Classification of Instructional Programs
(CIP). National Center for Education Statistics.

8 External links

• Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000):
Developed by the U.S. Department of Education’s
National Center for Education Statistics to provide
a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate
tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study
and program completions activity.

• Complete JACS (Joint Academic Classification of
Subjects) from Higher Education Statistics Agency
(HESA) in the United Kingdom

• Australian and New Zealand Standard Research
Classification (ANZSRC 2008) (web-page) Chapter
3 and Appendix 1: Fields of research classification.

• Fields of Knowledge, a zoomable map allowing the
academic disciplines and sub-disciplines in this ar-
ticle be visualised.

• Online reference materials for any kind of specific
academic disciplines .

Content listings
Types

• Overviews

• Featured content

• Outlines

• Lists

• Portals

• Glossaries

• Categories

•

Indices

Topics

• Current events

• Reference

• Culture

• Geography

• Health

• History

• Mathematics

• Nature

• People

• Philosophy

• Religion

• Society

• Technology

Places, people and times

• Academic disciplines

• Anniversaries

• today

• Countries and territories

• People

• deaths this year

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_genealogy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidisciplinary_approach

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdisciplinarity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Instructional_Programs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Academic_Coding_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fields_of_doctoral_studies_in_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00101-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2108-8

http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/default.aspx?y=55

http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/cip2000/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_scheme

http://www.hesa.ac.uk/jacs/completeclassification.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Academic_Classification_of_Subjects

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Statistics_Agency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Standard_Research_Classification

http://www.arc.gov.au/pdf/ANZSRC_FOR_codes

http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/1297.0Contents12008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1297.0&issue=2008&num=&view=

http://www.thingsmadethinkable.com/item/fields_of_knowledge.php

http://essayacademia.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Overviews

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Glossaries

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Indices

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Culture_and_the_arts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Geography_and_places

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Health_and_fitness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/History_and_events

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Mathematics_and_logic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Natural_and_physical_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/People_and_self

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Philosophy_and_thinking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Religion_and_belief_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Society_and_social_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Technology_and_applied_sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_anniversaries

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_countries_and_territories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_people

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_2017

20 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Timelines

• centuries
• decades

Indices

• A–Z index

• Categories

• Dewey Decimal classes

• Library of Congress Classification

• Roget’s Thesaurus

• Spoken articles

• Wikipedia books

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_timelines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_centuries

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_decades

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/A%E2%80%93Z_index

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dewey_Decimal_classes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Outline_of_Roget%2527s_Thesaurus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text

• Outline of academic disciplines Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines?oldid=776838216Contributors:
Wesley, The Anome, Slrubenstein, ClaudineChionh, William Avery, SimonP, Daniel C. Boyer, Xoder, Mrwojo, Lir, Tillwe, Michael
Hardy, Tim Starling, Lexor, Isomorphic, GUllman, MartinHarper, Bcrowell, SebastianHelm, Ahoerstemeier, Stan Shebs, TUF-KAT, Sk-
ynxnex, Glenn, Qwert, Mxn, Pizza Puzzle, Nikola Smolenski, Mydogategodshat, Coren, Colipon, Dtgm, Steinsky, Lord Emsworth, Rbellin,
Chrisjj, Penfold, SonofRage, Robbot, Noldoaran, Altenmann, Nurg, Seglea, Stewartadcock, Sunray, Fuelbottle, Cyrius, Alan Liefting,
Marc Venot, Benji Franklyn, Andries, Washington irving, Jahaza, Markus Kuhn, Jfdwolff, H-2-O, Dkmiller, Heysup420, Gadfium, Andy-
cjp, Beland, Catdude, Jossi, CaribDigita, Necrothesp, Icairns, CesarFelipe, Karl-Henner, Sam Hocevar, Marcos, Gscshoyru, Neutrality,
Ukexpat, Agari, Robin klein, Simonides, Heegoop, Cjoshuav, Rspeer, Francis Schonken, Max Terry, LindsayH, Bcjordan, Kwamikagami,
Antiorario, Muntfish, CeeGee, Reinyday, 9SGjOSfyHJaQVsEmy9NS, Dzou, Nlight, Jojit fb, NickSchweitzer, Pschemp, Martg76, Mdd,
Jumbuck, Gary, Paleorthid, CheeseDreams, SlimVirgin, Avenue, Wtmitchell, Erik, Saga City, Scholz, SteinbDJ, Oleg Alexandrov, Stuar-
tyeates, Angr, The JPS,Woohookitty, RHaworth, Anilocra, Ganeshk, Jacobolus, Acidmonkey, SP-KP, Jeff3000, Psneog, Gaf.arq, Dedalus,
Bduttabaruah, Joerg Kurt Wegner, Stefanomione, Ltsm, BD2412, Electionworld, Rkevins, Canderson7, Benthorot, Mayumashu, Koavf,
Cyrusjp, Quiddity, Vegaswikian, Daniel Collins, DoubleBlue, Tpkunesh, RobertG, SouthernNights, B44H, Gurch, TheDJ, TeaDrinker,
Elviajeropaisa, Reetep, Bgwhite, YurikBot, RussBot, Zafiroblue05, Mark Ironie, Thomas E. Goodwin, G.G., The Ogre, Dumoren, Yon-
inah, Pyrotec, Jpbowen, Yoosef Pooranvary, Plachert, Moe Epsilon, Farmanesh, Rockero, Howee, Sveit, MaxVeers, Samoduor, Bota47,
Wolfling, Wknight94, Pegship, StevenL, Cpritchett42, Zzuuzz, Veg0matic, Feedmymind, JoanneB, AlexD, Allens, Neilgravir, Jeremy But-
ler, Krótki, C mon, JJL, SmackBot, Alan Pascoe, Jsdillon, Herostratus, Hydrogen Iodide, Rentier, Pfaff9, HalfShadow, The Rhymesmith,
Gilliam, Donama, Hmains, The Famous Movie Director, Mordac, Jon513, Ankurjain, Fplay, Mattythewhite, Jerome Charles Potts, Mark-
barnes, DHN-bot~enwiki, Hongooi, Darth Panda, Sajendra, The Placebo Effect, Vanished User 0001, Nixeagle, Szarka, Huon, Cyberco-
bra, EPM, Fullstop, Dreadstar, Nexus Seven, Elbac14, Shushruth, Ice tres, Mitchumch, Suidafrikaan, Navidnak, Will Beback, Byelf2007,
Amtiss, LtPowers, Celefin, The Tramp, MarkSutton, Vir, Amirman, Eridani, Sijo Ripa, RichardF, PMJ, Informationplusgood, Keycard,
Muppani, MikeWazowski, Levineps, Hetar, OnBeyondZebrax, Etaonsh, IvanLanin, UncleDouggie, Shoreranger, Tawkerbot2, Patchou-
lian, CRGreathouse, Postmodern Beatnik, Ivan Pozdeev, Xlegiofalco, Dr.Bastedo, Fokion, Thomasmeeks, Basar, Gregbard, Funnyfarmof-
doom, Cydebot, Cahk, Matrix61312, Gogo Dodo, Eu.stefan, Dynaflow, Kozuch, Epbr123, Wachowich, Mojo Hand, Katzja, Bobblehead,
RichardVeryard, Voyaging, Little Rachael, Osubuckeyeguy, Zweifel, 2bornot2b, Dashcom, Wayiran, Qwerty Binary, That dirk guy, Bishop
pam, JAnDbot, Husond, The Transhumanist, Guff15, Zorro CX, VoABot II, JamesBWatson, TARBOT, PoisonedQuill, Elliotb2, MCG,
JaGa, Ac44ck, Pax:Vobiscum, Oicumayberight, MartinBot, Robert Daoust, Davidjcmorris, R’n’B, CommonsDelinker, Smokizzy, Ospan,
J.delanoy, Ozmaweezer, Dbiel, Eliz81, Athaenara, NerdyNSK, Akalanaki, Renamed user 5417514488, Apostle12, Bsather, Mrg3105, The
Transhumanist (AWB), Christopher Kraus, Jamesontai, Kolja21, Sphinxridd, DASonnenfeld, CardinalDan, Vishnu.ae, Jonas Mur~enwiki,
Remi0o, Hugo999, Renamed user 1579654863, VolkovBot, Djcremer, AlnoktaBOT, Vbd, Scholarwiki~enwiki, Benhur767, Zrallo, Rei-
bot, Guillaume2303, Llamabr, Historyguy1967, LeaveSleaves, Bearian, Hoffman2121, Pasacalgary, Lova Falk, Chronlung, Chewysan101,
Veluweland, Palaeovia, Doc James, FlyingLeopard2014, Acudoc27, Lazeaway, Chill Factor Five, S.Örvarr.S, Francisleecy~enwiki, Prof.
Dr. Habib Ahmad, Romuald Wróblewski, Blocko42, StAnselm, Madman, Chimin 07, Ødipus sic, WTucker, Fabbosko~enwiki, Yin-
tan, ASAWebsiteChair, Quest for Truth, Spikesun2007, Oxymoron83, Byrialbot, Dmpyzel, Jdaloner, Sapovadia, WikiWikiUser, Yoda
of Borg, CharlesGillingham, Denisarona, Carldowse, Sarnobat, ClueBot, Loubnakurz, The Thing That Should Not Be, Taff1chikwavira,
Kathleen.wright5, Princeattractive, Niceguyedc, TarzanASG, Tenmick, Puchiko, Amirul2008, Shustov, AndreiDukhin, Ktr101, Excirial,
Tim32, CrazyChemGuy, Pratodppande, Billa99, Atmundi~enwiki, Taingalls, BirgerH, OpusDiabolus, Jke6245, Iohannes Animosus, Do-
prendek, Sarindam7, Dkincheloe, Versus22, Editor2020, Crowsnest, Classicrockfan42, Vanished User 1004, PretentiousSnot, Bearsona,
Skunkboy74, AgnosticPreachersKid, Pfhorrest, DoctorHver, Q Valda, Eklipse, Leonini, Addbot, Eshaeffer, Fgnievinski, LeisureG8R,
Apphiron, Fieldday-sunday, Mynscl, Leszek Jańczuk, Chaturvedi.mayank, CarsracBot, Alexiusnovius, Jasper Deng, M9rcell9, Tide rolls,
Teles, JEN9841, Math Champion, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, TaBOT-zerem, Arla, Anypodetos, Nallimbot, TestEditBot, Yotaloop, AnomieBOT,
Rubinbot, Galoubet, Mbiama Assogo Roger, Keitherson, Minnecologies, Materialscientist, Trihoiseachaithne, Whitehallplc, Sandipsonje,
Stud319, Xqbot, Apeke, Wkme20089, Jyusin, Drilnoth, Lewismcanally, Isheden, Omnipaedista, Lwoodyiii, Heliotrope99, Dijkschneier,
Jimwalez, Krshn p1, Sap chacks, EmekaVincent, Reggieknopoff, Sulaymaan114, Reinhard Hartmann, FrescoBot, Awesomely gay, Re-
motelysensed, Georgios.papadopoulos, Seelum, Deang619, Sheejaw, Clamm, Theorist2, Quantoyster, Tommydenham, Bobmack89x,
Kiefer.Wolfowitz, Vasilcho, Ɱ, Sreenivasa Reddy Mulinti, Rikard H, Orenburg1, Gamewizard71, Montell 74, SchreyP, Tokorokoko, Duo-
duoduo, Gopalkoduri, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mean as custard, Ripchip Bot, Dwalkerus, Eavayjb, FC Toronto, Vernongetzler, EmausBot,
Soccybrarian, WikitanvirBot, RA0808, Winner 42, Wikipelli, K6ka, Werieth, ZéroBot, Magaelam, Joshlepaknpsa, Markinvancouver,
Ironnail, Staszek Lem, AngeloSabag, Rkannoth, Donner60, DHoodPPDM, Jackhakim, Wakebrdkid, Chicadita, Neil P. Quinn, 28bot,
ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, MelbourneStar, Vi1618, Kickthedonkey01, Shnyusasl, Sicco Jan Bier, DanielR450, 2crudedudes, Widr,
Stephanie Lahey, MerlIwBot, Useamuse, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Wbm1058, Mike3606, Tklink, BG19bot, Nastafication, Kanga-
roopower, PhnomPencil, Agdhinda, Hallows AG, Oplatiyal, Benzband, Gorthian, Kumarvinayy, Tumuhimbise, Wellsykins, Filmwrite,
Kyonzuken, Minsbot, NitishParida, Dark crimson1985, Eossipov, Srizvic, Medianews2011, Vasim Tyagi, David.moreno72, Tommyb-
gun12345, Magadeath, Matthias Drochner, Tonyxc600, ChrisGualtieri, Therearenogoodusernames, Dadamkhan, Bharu12, AEFSchools,
MadGuy7023, Hdutta12, Dexbot, Kubiakpaulina, Polsky215, Zhuddeshya, Jeff Erickson, STEREO ACADEMY, RAVI KANT MISHRA
GONDA, Ubertragung, Sheldonc1981, Epicgenius, CivilProductDesign, Egaalyare, LibrarianAnnie, Daniel.villar7, Biogeographist, Air-
wars, Hassan izzeddin, Pushkar raj chataut, Anandsreekumarnair, Hzakir94, Zezum7, Ds0055827, Angelina amaya, Dctrzl, Magravat,
Farsinevisaneiran, Singer krishna, Textaural, Girijaprasanbalm, Prisencolin, Alejgonz 01, Mike2085, JoeHebda, Cjdrib, Cellas is good,
Ahk2gs, KBH96, Archiloc, TranquilHope, HelloBestFriends, Ianjgrant, Gourlaysama, Loraof, Lyndonbaines, EoRdE6, Julietdeltalima,
Jigigocortez, Stars of 85, Rhodzy123, Sysmani, Jonasneubauer17, Massiullah Mohomed Zai Sherzay, SomeRandomPasserby, ManiKandan
Kolanginathan, Timothyjosephwood, SaltySloth, Dannybarron, Seth Khan, Sro23, Kathleenrueb, TheScientificMethod, Abdullahi2244,
Sagar M Jagtap, Linguist111, CLCStudent, Qzd, SlimKH45, Fuortu, Arnaud2304, Bear-rings, Links.back, Zephyrinus N Wiefue, Magic
Fizz, Gregoryadapter and Anonymous: 470

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines?oldid=776838216

22 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9.2 Images

9.3 Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Arts

Performing arts
Visual arts
Humanities
Geography
History
Languages and literature
Philosophy
Theology

Social sciences

Economics
Law
Political science
Psychology
Sociology

Natural sciences

Biology
Chemistry
Earth and space sciences
Mathematics
Physics

Applied sciences

Agriculture and agricultural sciences
Computer science
Engineering and technology
Medicine and health sciences

See also

References

External links

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text
Images
Content license

ASSESSMENT #1 SCROLL MAP

K
● It’s about humans
● The brain and the neurons
● The cells in the nervous

system
● Animal cells
● Nerve impulses
● Molecules, cells, nerves,

and the membrane
● Cells are transmitted
● The textbook is called

biological psychology
● About the inside of the

body, mostly about the
brain and our emotions

W
● What does the nervous

system do?
● What are the structures of

an animal cells?
● How many cells do we

have?
● What is nerve impulse?
● What is the membrane ?

L
● The nervous system

transmits information to the
the other cells.

● All animal cells have a
nucleus.

● The axon regenerates an
impulse at each point.

● An axon is a thin fiber of
constant diameter, in most
cases longer than dendrites.

● The membrane is a structure
that separates the inside of
the cell from the outside
environment.

● The blood barrier excludes
most chemicals from the
vertebrate brain.

Key chart
Color coded:
Pink

Blue

Yellow

Red

Light green

Purple

Sky blue

Orange

Textual elements:
Headers

Sub headers

Vocabulary

Page number

Images

Captions of the images

Questions

Chapter title

Purpose :
The chapter is divided into sections of specific information
More information of the header or answered questions
about the header

To identify new words and the main words of this chapter

The amount of reading there is in the chapter

To visualize the reading
To explain the picture

To ask questions about the reading

To define what the chapter is about

Gila – The other major components
of the nervous system, do not
transmit information over long
distances as neurons do,
although they perform many
other functions

Microglia – Very small cells, also remove
waste material as well as
viruses, fungi, and other
microorganism

Schwann cells – In the periphery of the body
are specialized types of glia
that build the myelin sheaths
that surround and insulate
certain vertebrate axons

Kim chart

Blood-brain barrier – The mechanism that excludes
most chemicals from the
vertebrate brain

Sodium potassium pump – A protein complex, repeatedly
transports three sodium ions
out of the cell while drawing
two potassium ions into it

endoplasmic reticulum – Is a type of organelle found in
eukaryotic cells that forms an
interconnected network of
flattened, membrane-enclosed
sacs

Ribisome – Are the sites at which the cell
synthesizes new protein
molecules

Mitochondrion – Is the structure that performs
metabolic activities, providing
the energy that the cell
requires for all other activities

Membrane – A structure that separates the
inside of the cell from the
outside environment

Nucleus – The structure that contains the
chromosomes

Dendrites – Are branching fibers
that get narrower near
their ends.

Example: A dendrites
branches like a tree.

Cell body – Contains the nucleus,
ribosomes, and
mitochondria.

Example: the cell body is covered
with synapses on its surface in
many neurons

Sensory neuron – It’s soma in the spinal
cord

Example: The sensory
neuron is a neuron
conducting touch
information from the skin to
the spinal cord

Axons – the long threadlike part of a
nerve cell along which
impulses are conducted
from the cell body to other
cells

Example: An axon might be
entirely contained within a single
structure

Radial glia – Guide the migration of
neurons and their
axons and dendrites
during embryonic
development

Example: Radial glia
differentiate into neurons.

Schwann cells – In the periphery of the body
are specialized types of glia
that build the myelin
sheaths that surround and
insulate certain vertebrate
axons

Example: oligodendrocytes in the
brain and spinal cord and
schwann cells

Microglia – Very small cells, also
remove waste
material as well as
viruses, fungi, and
other microorganisms

Example: Microglia
proliferate in areas of brain
damage and remove toxic
materials.

Thiamine – Is a vitamin found in food
and used a dietary
supplement

Example: To use glucose, the
body needs vitamin B1, thiamine.

Action potentials – Messages sent by
axons

Example: To understand
action potentials, let’s begin
by considering what
happens when the resting
potential is disturbed.

Myelin sheath – An insulating material
composed of fats and
proteins

Example: Vertebrate axons
evolved a special mechanism:
myelin sheaths.

Venn diagram

10 question quiz

1. What is at least one major goal in biological
psychology? (literal)

One major goal in biological psychology is to know
about the human brain and how it functions.

2. What is the term of neurons? (literal) It’s the cells transmitted nerve impulses.

3. When did the publisher first hear about biological
psychology? (literal)

The publisher first heard about biological psychology
after the study of development of psychology.

4. How many years has the publisher been working in
this field? (inferential)

The publisher had been working in this fie since 2012.

5. How does the nervous system work? (inferential) The nervous system has two kinds of cells that
transmits the cells to make the nervous system work.

6. What part of the nervous system had he studied
(inferential)

The anatomy of neurons and glia which are the two
transmitted cells that make up the nervous system.

7. What is the purpose of this chapter? (evaluative) The purpose of this chapter is to understand this the
human brain, how the nervous system, and the nerve
impulses.

8. What is the main aspects of the nervous system?
(evaluative)

The main aspects of the nervous system is the neurons
and the glia.

9. Why did the publisher name the textbook biological
psychology? (appreciative)

The publisher named the textbook biological
psychology because the meaning is the study of
behavioral neuroscience and the book is about how we
reacts to things or why.

10. What does the publisher want you to learn while
reading this chapter? (appreciative)

The publisher wants us to learn how the nervous
system and the nerve impulses work and what its made
up of.

Reflection

Everything in this project was a success, but the most difficult part was doing the
questions for the chapter because we had to write ten questions but in four different types
of ways. The discoveries I made about expository text structure and textual elements was
that there was a lot of sections to separate and information under different headings. The
two chapters that I compared were two different subjects so there were only a little bit of
similarities to put in the middle of the venn diagram. The twenty words I included in this
project were mostly the bolded words in the textbook. I remembered some of the words
because I learned them in middle school and high school but it was a review for me so I
put them in the KIM chart and the four graphic squares. I put the words in either one
because it was kind of the same thing for me since both had the definition and a picture,
the four graphic squares just included an example of the word. Some words worked in the
four graphic square because the example is the sentence from the book and so when I
read it, it’ll remind me what it is again. The KIM chart was for the words I just reviewed.
Overall this assessment was not that difficult.

Turn in your highest-quality paper
Get a qualified writer to help you with

“ reading ”

Get high-quality paper

NEW! AI matching with writer

Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:

Turnitin Report

Formatting

Title Page

Citation

Outline

Place an Order