Part A: Quantitative Problems Suppose QuickCharge Corporation manufactures phone chargers. They sell their chargers for $20. Their fixed operating costs are $100,000 and their variable operating costs are $10 per charger. Currently they are selling 30,00

20180507185320module_4_overview x20180507185320module_4_reading_material x20180507185259case_grading_rubric x20180507185319module_4_____case_assignment_question x20180507185255student_guide_to_writing_a_high_quality_academic_paper

Part A: Quantitative Problems

Suppose QuickCharge Corporation manufactures phone chargers. They sell their chargers for $20. Their fixed operating costs are $100,000 and their variable operating costs are $10 per charger. Currently they are selling 30,000 chargers per year.
What is QuickCharge’s EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) at current sales of 30,000?
What is QuickCharge’s breakeven point?
Calculate the EBIT if QuickCharge’s sales increase 50% to 45,000 chargers. What is the percent of change in EBIT under this increase in sales? Also, calculate the EBIT if the company’s sales decrease 50% to 15,000 chargers. What is the percent of change in EBIT under this decrease in sales?
What is QuickCharge’s degree of operating leverage? Based on your computation, what does its operating leverage say about QuickCharge’s business risk?
The StayDry Umbrella Corporation will have an EBIT of $100,000 if there is a normal amount of rain this year. But if there is a drought, they will have an EBIT of only $50,000. The interest rate on debt is 10%, and the tax rate is 35%. The company does not pay any preferred dividends.
If StayDry has zero debt and 50,000 outstanding shares, what will its EPS (earnings per share) be if there is normal rain? What will its EPS be if there is a drought? What is its DFL (degree of financial leverage)?
Now suppose StayDry has decided to take on $300,000 in debt and has used these funds to buy back half of the outstanding shares so now there are only 25,000 outstanding shares. What is the new EPS and DFL for both normal rain and drought?
Based on your answers to a) and b) above, what are the trade-offs management has to make between zero debt or $300,000 in debt? What are the benefits and disadvantages of taking on this debt?

Part B: Conceptual Questions

For each of the following scenarios, explain whether the situation describes financial riskor business risk. Explain your answers to each scenario using at least one of the references from the background readings:
A pharmaceutical company has developed a new cancer treatment drug that has a much higher success rate than other drugs currently in the market. It has the potential to triple the company’s profits. However, the FDA has expressed concern about some side effects, and it is not clear if the FDA will approve the drug.
An airline has an EBIT of $100 million per year. However, it also has a huge amount of debt and pays $97 million per year in interest. Its EBIT is relatively stable but tends to go up or down by $5 million or so each year depending on the economy.
A basketball franchise earns an EBIT of $50 million a year when its team has a winning year. However, it earns only $10 million when its team has a losing year.
Explain what capital structure theory (or theories) best describes the following situations. Make sure to cite at least one of the required textbook chapters for each answer, and to cite at least two references for this section:
A CEO decides to borrow $50,000 in new debt, and the share prices rise dramatically. He then decides to sell half of his own personal shares, and when this is reported in the Wall Street Journal, the share prices drop dramatically in value.
The corporate tax rate rises from 35% to 45%, and the XYZ Corporation decides to issue more debt. A year later, bankruptcy laws are changed to become much stricter and costlier. XYZ then decides to pay back half of its debt.
A CEO named Joe Bigwig is known for living large with very expensive cars and a huge mansion. Joe is seeking a large loan from a bank to finance some new projects for his corporation. However, the bank becomes concerned when they find out that he recently used company funds to buy a brand-new company jet and also schedules numerous business trips to Hawaii and stays in five-star hotels. The bank tells Joe he will receive the loan only if he agrees to scale back on his personal expenses and not give himself or any other executives a raise until the loan is paid back.

ASSIGNMENT EXPECTATIONS

Answer the assignment questions directly.
Stay focused on the precise assignment questions. Do not go off on tangents or devote a lot of space to summarizing general background materials.
For computational problems, make sure to show your work and explain your steps.
For short answer/short essay questions, make sure to reference your sources of information with both a bibliography and in-text citations.· For short answer/short essay questions, make sure to reference your sources of information with both a bibliography and in-text citations. See the Student Guide to Writing a High-Quality Academic Paper,(See Attached) including pages 11-14 on in-text citations. · APA FORMAT · NO Plagiarism ( will check on Turnitin) Reference credible sources only The following resources are notacceptable for this course, keep in mind, there are many others:
Wikipedia.com
Ehow.com
About.com
Smallbusiness.chron.com
Diffen.com
Yourbusiness.azcentral.com

Module Overview

In a corporation’s capital structure, there are advantages and disadvantages to having debt. Corporations receive a tax deduction from the interest paid on debt. On the other hand, dividends are not tax deductible. This helps to reduce the cost of debt since the after-tax cost of debt is used in the weighted average cost of capital and not the pre-tax cost of debt. The cost of equity is usually much higher and can be estimated through the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). If a firm is very successful, the stockholders don’t have to share the profits with debtholders since the return on debt is not a variable.

There are some problems with debt, though. As a company uses more debt in its capital structure, it increases the company’s risk. This increases the costs of equity and debt. If a company has financial problems and can’t cover its interest charges, the firm may have to go bankrupt if it can’t obtain additional financing.

Firms that have quite variable earnings and operating cash flows are better off having limited debt in their capital structures. Companies with more stable earnings and operating cash flows can utilize more debt in their capital structures.

Business risk is probably the most important factor that drives capital structure decisions. Business risk is the riskiness of a company’s operations if it doesn’t utilize debt. Financial risk is the increased shareholder risk from the use of debt in the capital structure. There’s no set optimal capital structure for all firms.

An investor’s total return consists of the capital gains yield and the dividend yield. Not all companies pay dividends; however, for those that do, it is an important component of an investor’s return, particularly for those seeking income. Individuals who are retired are usually the clientele most interested in dividends. If a stock’s price didn’t change all year, yet the company paid a healthy dividend yield, the investor would still earn a positive total return.

Successful companies typically accumulate a large amount of cash on their balance sheet. If the company has funded all the positive NPV projects that it wants to, it can look to paying a dividend or buying back stock. If it currently already pays a dividend, it can look to increase the dividend.

A company that institutes or increases a dividend provides a signal to the marketplace that it anticipates higher future cash flows, because once a company starts or increases a dividend, it rarely reduces or eliminates the dividend. On the other hand, a company that decreases its dividend or eliminates a dividend provides a signal to the marketplace that it anticipates lower future cash flows.

Note: photo courtesy of Nick Youngson (http://nyphotographic.com/). License: Creative Commons 3 –

CC BY-SA 3.0

Module 4 – Reading Background Material

LEVERAGE, CAPITAL STRUCTURE, AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Required Reading

Capital Structure

Start with this interactive tutorial from Pearson that will give you a short overview of the main topics from this module:

Capital Structure and Dividend Policy Interactive Tutorial

. (2014). Pearson Learning Solutions, New York, NY.

Now go through the following tutorials from Investopedia which include some videos. Start out with the tutorial on degree of operating leverage, then scroll down to the sections on earnings before interest and taxes and degree of financial leverage:

Degree of operating leverage. (n.d.). Investopedia. Retrieved from:

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/degreeofoperatingleverage.asp

Now dive deeper into the concepts of capital structure with the following two book chapters. Pay special attention to the concepts of operating leverage, financial leverage, business vs. financial risks, and the major theories of capital structure choices. While the tutorials above will give you a broad overview of the main topics, the following readings have worked out problems and solutions that will be essential for completing the Case Assignment:

Gitman, L. (2005). Chapter 11: Leverage and capital structure. Principles of Managerial Finance. Pearson Education. Retrieved from:

wps.aw.com/wps/media/objects/222/227412/ebook/ch11/chapter11

If the link is down, click

Leverage and Capital Structure

Managerial Finance

for an alternative link]

Brigham, E. & Houston, J. (n.d.). Chapter 13:

Capital structure and leverage

. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Cengage Learning.

Finally, take a look at the following book chapter on dividend policy. Take a close look at the concepts of regular dividend policy and low-regular-and-extra dividend policy, as well as stock splits and stock repurchases:

Gitman, L. (2005). Chapter 12: Dividend policy. Principles of Managerial Finance. Pearson Education. Retrieved from:

wps.aw.com/wps/media/objects/222/227412/ebook/ch12/chapter12

[If the link is down click

Dividend Policy

or
Managerial Finance
for an alternative link]

Optional Reading

Obi, P. (2014). Capital structure and financial leverage. Purdue University. Retrieved from:

Ahmad, A. (n.d.) Firm debt part 1: Calculating how much to borrow. Coursera. Retrieved from:

https://www.coursera.org/learn/finance-debt/lecture/0P8l0/firm-debt-part-1-calculating-how-much-to-borrow

Sexton, N. (2010). Introduction to dividend policy. LSBF Global MBA. Retrieved from:

Boundless. (n.d.). Chapter 13: Capital Structure. Boundless Finance. Retrieved from:

https://www.boundless.com/finance/textbooks/boundless-finance-textbook/

Boundless. (n.d.). Chapter 15: Dividends. Boundless Finance. Retrieved from:

https://www.boundless.com/finance/textbooks/boundless-finance-textbook/dividends-15/

Top of Form

Rubric Name: MBA/MSHRM/MSL Case Grading Rubric for Quantitative Business Courses -Timeliness v1

Criteria

Level 4 – Excellent

Level 3 – Proficient

Level 2 – Developing

Level 1 – Emerging

Assignment-Driven Criteria

19 points
Demonstrates mastery covering all key elements of the assignment in a substantive way.

18 points
Demonstrates considerable proficiency covering all key elements of the assignment.

17 points
Demonstrates partial proficiency covering all key elements of the assignment.

16 points
Demonstrates limited or poor proficiency covering all key elements of the assignment.

Presentation, Computation, and Relevance of Quantitative Information

10 points
Demonstrates mastery in presenting quantitative information in a format appropriate for the discipline. Supporting computations are relevant and accurate.

9 points
Demonstrates considerable proficiency in presenting quantitative information in a format appropriate for the discipline. Supporting computations are mostly relevant and accurate.

8 points
Demonstrate partial proficiency in presenting quantitative information in a format appropriate for the discipline. Supporting computations are not necessarily relevant and somewhat misleading.

7 points
Demonstrates limited or poor proficiency in presenting quantitative information in a format appropriate for the discipline. Supporting computations are not relevant, misleading or absent.

Critical Thinking

10 points
Analyzes quantitative and qualitative information as the basis for deep and thoughtful discussion, drawing insightful, carefully qualified conclusions from this work.

9 points
Analyzes quantitative and qualitative information as the basis for competent and thoughtful discussion, drawing reasonable and appropriately qualified conclusions from this work.

8 points
Analyzes quantitative and qualitative information as the basis for workmanlike (without inspiration or nuance, ordinary) discussion, drawing plausible conclusions from this work.

7 points
Analyzes quantitative and qualitative information as the basis for tentative or limited discussion; and is hesitant or uncertain about drawing conclusions from this work.

Business Writing

6 points
Demonstrates mastery and proficiency in written communication to an appropriately specialized audience.

5 points
Demonstrates considerable proficiency in written communication to an appropriately specialized audience.

4 points
Demonstrate partial proficiency in written communication to an appropriately specialized audience.

3 points
Demonstrates limited or poor proficiency in written communication to an appropriately specialized audience.

Timeliness

5 points
Assignment submitted on time or collaborated with professor for an approved extension on due date.

3 points
Assignment submitted 1-2 days after module due date.

2 points
Assignment submitted 3-4 days after module due date.

0 points
Assignment submitted 5 or more days after module due date.

Overall Score

Level 4
45 or more

Level 3
40 or more

Level 2
35 or more

Level 1
0 or more

Bottom of Form

Module 4 – Case Assignment

LEVERAGE, CAPITAL STRUCTURE, AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Assignment Overview

Before starting on this assignment, make sure to carefully review the background readings. Part A requires you to make some computations, and Part B requires you to analyze some scenarios using your knowledge of the concepts. So make sure to go through the computational examples in the required readings and also thoroughly review the key concepts before starting on this assignment.

Case Assignment

Part A: Quantitative Problems

1. Suppose QuickCharge Corporation manufactures phone chargers. They sell their chargers for $20. Their fixed operating costs are $100,000 and their variable operating costs are $10 per charger. Currently they are selling 30,000 chargers per year.

A. What is QuickCharge’s EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) at current sales of 30,000?

B. What is QuickCharge’s breakeven point?

C. Calculate the EBIT if QuickCharge’s sales increase 50% to 45,000 chargers. What is the percent of change in EBIT under this increase in sales? Also, calculate the EBIT if the company’s sales decrease 50% to 15,000 chargers. What is the percent of change in EBIT under this decrease in sales?

D. What is QuickCharge’s degree of operating leverage? Based on your computation, what does its operating leverage say about QuickCharge’s business risk?

2. The StayDry Umbrella Corporation will have an EBIT of $100,000 if there is a normal amount of rain this year. But if there is a drought, they will have an EBIT of only $50,000. The interest rate on debt is 10%, and the tax rate is 35%. The company does not pay any preferred dividends.

A. If StayDry has zero debt and 50,000 outstanding shares, what will its EPS (earnings per share) be if there is normal rain? What will its EPS be if there is a drought? What is its DFL (degree of financial leverage)?

B. Now suppose StayDry has decided to take on $300,000 in debt and has used these funds to buy back half of the outstanding shares so now there are only 25,000 outstanding shares. What is the new EPS and DFL for both normal rain and drought?

C. Based on your answers to a) and b) above, what are the trade-offs management has to make between zero debt or $300,000 in debt? What are the benefits and disadvantages of taking on this debt?

Part B: Conceptual Questions

1. For each of the following scenarios, explain whether the situation describes financial risk or business risk. Explain your answers to each scenario using at least one of the references from the background readings:

A. A pharmaceutical company has developed a new cancer treatment drug that has a much higher success rate than other drugs currently in the market. It has the potential to triple the company’s profits. However, the FDA has expressed concern about some side effects, and it is not clear if the FDA will approve the drug.

B. An airline has an EBIT of $100 million per year. However, it also has a huge amount of debt and pays $97 million per year in interest. Its EBIT is relatively stable but tends to go up or down by $5 million or so each year depending on the economy.

C. A basketball franchise earns an EBIT of $50 million a year when its team has a winning year. However, it earns only $10 million when its team has a losing year.

2. Explain what capital structure theory (or theories) best describes the following situations. Make sure to cite at least one of the required textbook chapters for each answer, and to cite at least two references for this section:

A. A CEO decides to borrow $50,000 in new debt, and the share prices rise dramatically. He then decides to sell half of his own personal shares, and when this is reported in the Wall Street Journal, the share prices drop dramatically in value.

B. The corporate tax rate rises from 35% to 45%, and the XYZ Corporation decides to issue more debt. A year later, bankruptcy laws are changed to become much stricter and costlier. XYZ then decides to pay back half of its debt.

C. A CEO named Joe Bigwig is known for living large with very expensive cars and a huge mansion. Joe is seeking a large loan from a bank to finance some new projects for his corporation. However, the bank becomes concerned when they find out that he recently used company funds to buy a brand-new company jet and also schedules numerous business trips to Hawaii and stays in five-star hotels. The bank tells Joe he will receive the loan only if he agrees to scale back on his personal expenses and not give himself or any other executives a raise until the loan is paid back.

Assignment Expectations

Answer the assignment questions directly.

· Stay focused on the precise assignment questions. Do not go off on tangents or devote a lot of space to summarizing general background materials.

· For computational problems, make sure to show your work and explain your steps.

For short answer/short essay questions, make sure to reference your sources of information with both a bibliography and in-text citations. See the
Student Guide to Writing a High-Quality Academic Paper
,(See Attached) including pages 11-14 on in-text citations.

· APA FORMAT

· NO Plagiarism ( will check on Turnitin)

Reference credible sources only

The following resources are not

acceptable for this course, keep in mind, there are many others:

· Wikipedia.com

· Ehow.com

· About.com

Smallbusiness.chron.com

· Diffen.com

Yourbusiness.azcentral.com

· Investopedia.com

· Boundless.com and Lumen

· Course hero

· Studypool

· Chegg

Student Guide to Writing

a High-Quality Academic Paper

Follow these guidelines when writing academic papers,

including your Case and SLP assignments.

 An effective academic writing style is an essential part of a

university education.

 Poorly written papers detract from your ability to effectively share

your knowledge and ideas with others, including your professors.

 This guide will help you prepare high-quality papers that are:

▪ Logically argued

▪ Clearly structured and formatted

▪ Written in a professional, academic style

The basic structure of an academic paper includes:

1. Cover page 2. Introduction 3. Body of the

paper (which may have subsections) 4.

Conclusion 5. Reference page

The cover page of an academic paper should

include the:

▪ University name ▪ Student’s name ▪

Assignment title ▪ Course number and name

▪ Professor’s name ▪

Date

Note: Some professors recommend adding the assignment instructions

(tasks and/or questions) to the bottom of the cover page to help students

make sure they have addressed each part of the assignment.

University Name

Student’s Name

Module 1 Case Assignment

Course Number: Course Name

Professor’s Name

Date

In the introduction, provide a brief, clear overview of:

1. Each problem or issue that you will discuss

2. The solution to the problem(s) or your response to the

issue(s)

3. How you will prove or demonstrate that your solution or

response is correct

Tip: Try writing the body of your paper first. Then come back

and write the introduction once you know what your paper is

about.

 The body of the paper is where you discuss the solution to the problem(s)

or your response to the issue(s) raised in the assignment.

 After you have read the materials related to the assignment, begin by

creating a quick outline:

▪ What are the main points of your argument? Jot them down.

▪ Depending on the length of the paper, 3–6 main points should be

plenty.

▪ If a point is complex, it may have 2 or 3 sub-points. Jot those down as

well.

▪ Now arrange those points in a logical sequence.

▪ Which point needs to be made first because it provides a basis

for the points that follow?

▪ For example, “Point A leads to point B, which leads to point C, and

when A, B, and C are considered together they mean that the

solution is point D.”

Example of the structure of a Case Assignment that requires 4 pages of

text
(not including the cover page, and not including a reference page for assignments that require one):

Main Sections Points Sub-points Page # # of Paragraphs

Cover Page

Introduction 1 1

Body of Paper Point A 1 1

” Point B 2 1

” Sub-point 1 2 1

” Sub-point 2 3 1

” Point C 3 1

” Point D 4 2

Conclusion 4 1

Reference Page

In the body of your paper:

 Use headings and subheadings to help your reader follow the points and sub-

points in your discussion and to better organize sections and subsections.

 Give each point and sub-point a short name that tells your reader what that section

is about. Use those names for your headings.

 Here is a quick “how-to” guide to headings with links to examples and instructions:

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/04/how-to-use-fivelevels-of-heading-in-an-

apa-style-paper.html

 Now you are ready to begin writing the body of your paper.

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/04/how-to-use-five-levels-of-heading-in-an-apa-style-paper.html

▪ Discuss one point at a time and explain each point clearly.

▪ Discuss one point or sub-point in each paragraph.

▪ As you advance to writing more complex papers (e.g., upper-division

undergraduate or master’s-level assignments), it may take 2 or 3 paragraphs to

fully develop and support a point.

In the body of your paper:

 Each paragraph should be made up of approximately 3–5 sentences. (Note: A

single sentence is not a paragraph. Break long sentences into 2 or 3 shorter

ones.) Each paragraph should include:

▪ The point or focus of that paragraph in the first sentence

▪ Additional sentences in which you explain, elaborate, and support your point

(see section on Supporting Your Points that begins on the next slide)

▪ A conclusion/transition to the next point and paragraph

 Each point should be supported by citing and referencing the sources that provide

the foundation for your solutions and/or responses. How to do this will be

discussed on the next slide.

Supporting Your Points

 What makes an academic paper “academic”? How does an academic

paper differ from other types of writing—for example, a short story, a blog, a

newspaper article, a business letter, or an e-mail message?

 In an academic paper:

▪ You must provide support for each idea, statement, or point that you make that

is based on someone else’s ideas.

▪ Support is provided through citations and references. (References are

discussed beginning on Slide 17.) Citations appear within the paper itself

wherever you draw upon another person’s ideas or another source of

information. References are listed on a separate page at the end of your

paper.

▪ Each citation refers to a specific reference so that your reader can look up the

sources of your support and read them for himself or herself.

▪ Citations are short and usually only include the author’s last name and the

date of publication of the author’s work, for example, “In a study of K–12

education, Jones (2013) found that…”

Citation Examples

 You can cite at the beginning or ending of a sentence:

▪ According to Jones (2007), a reason for poor student performance is large

classroom size.

▪ Student performance decreases as classroom size increases (Jones, 2007).

 When multiple sources support your point, cite them together in alphabetical order

at the end of the sentence:

▪ Educators agree that large classroom size decreases student performance

(Adams, 2005; Jones, 2007; Smith, 2008).

 When a source is written by more than one person, give their last names in the

citation at the end of the sentence, like this: (Smith, Adams, & Jones, 2006).

 When there is no author and/or no date (e.g., a Web page), see this example:

http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx

Do not spell out the titles and publication details of your sources in the body of your

paper. Instead, provide a short citation, and add a full reference with the publication

details in your reference list. Interested readers can then find the details about the article

in your reference list at the end of your paper.

Wrong:

 The first article that will be discussed is called “The Very Separate Worlds of Academic

and Practitioner Periodicals in Human Resource Management” written by Sara Rynes,

Tamara

Giluk, and Kenneth Brown, which was published in the Academy of Management Journal

(2007) Vol 50, No.5, 987-1008. They studied the gap between academic and practitioner

knowledge.

▪ Note: Do not spell out the title and publication details of your sources in the text. Right

(two different ways):

1. Rynes, Giluk, and Brown (2007) found a gap between academic and practitioner

knowledge.

▪ Note: The authors are the subject of the sentence. This is referred to as an “in-text citation” and

includes just the authors’ last names and year of publication.

2. A gap was found between academic and practitioner knowledge (Rynes, Giluk, & Brown,

2007).
▪ Note: The citation is placed at the end of a sentence in parentheses. This is called a

“parenthetical citation.” In this type of citation, use an ampersand (&) instead of “and.”

When should you cite a source?

 When you use your own words in referring to the ideas or concepts of others

 When you use the exact words that are written in one of the sources that you read

▪ Using someone else’s exact words is called a “quotation.”

▪ For quotes of less than 40 words, use quotation marks and follow the quote with a

parenthetical citation that includes:

▪ The name(s) of the author(s)

▪ The year of publication

▪ The page number the quote was taken from in the original source— for

example:

“Academic and practitioner periodicals in human resource management are

worlds apart” (Rynes, Giluk, & Brown, 2010, p. 992).

▪ Any phrase or quote of 40 or more words should be separated from the text of

your report by single spacing and by indenting from the both right and left margin.

This is called an “offset quote.”

Provide Support for Each of Your Points

 Scholarly academic work builds on previous knowledge and recognizes the contributions that others

have made to knowledge.

 Providing a citation for each source of information that you use is necessary for at least four

reasons:

▪ To help your reader understand the foundational information that you used to support your

points.

▪ To give credit to sources of knowledge and the work of others.

▪ To protect the source. If you make a good point but don’t cite your sources or indicate direct

quotes with quotation marks, the reader will attribute it to you by default.

▪ To avoid plagiarism. Incorporating material from outside sources (whether direct quotes or

paraphrasing) without proper identification or citation is a form of plagiarism. Never represent

the work of another as your own.

 Here is an excellent guide to help you understand plagiarism and how to avoid it (students are

strongly encouraged to study it carefully):

University Libraries, University of Missouri (n.d.). Plagiarism Tutorial. Retrieved March 1, 2013,

at http://lib.usm.edu/legacy/plag/plagiarismtutorial.php

 In your conclusion:

▪ Summarize your argument regarding the solutions/responses that

you discussed in the body of your paper, including the most

important points you made and how they relate to your overall

conclusion.

http://lib.usm.edu/legacy/plag/plagiarismtutorial.php

▪ Do not discuss or raise new issues in the conclusion.

▪ Limit the conclusion to 1 or 2

paragraphs.

 The reference section, found at the end of the paper, is an alphabetical list of the

sources that you used to write your paper.

 Center the word “References” at the top of a new page.

 Starting on the same page, enter a full reference for each citation in your paper. Provide

only one reference for each source no matter how many times you cite it in your paper.

▪ Each reference should include the following information (so readers can find the

source):

▪ Author’s last name, first initial, middle initial

▪ Year of publication

▪ Title of the article, book, or Web page

▪ Title of the publication where the article was found (If the article is from a

journal or newspaper, include the volume and issue number, and the pages

where the article is located.)

Reference section formats for different types of sources:

 Article on a Web page with no date:

▪ Author last name, first initial, middle initial (publication date). Title of the article. Retrieved

date from http://

▪ Example (note that the second line of the reference is indented five spaces):

Dvoretsky, D. P. (n.d.). History: Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of

Sciences. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm

 Online newspaper article:

▪ Author name (year, month, day of publication). Article title. Newspaper Title. Retrieved X

date from http://

▪ Example (note that the second line of the reference is indented five spaces):

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New

York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http://www.nytimes.com

 Academic Journal Article:

▪ Author name, first initial, middle initial (publication year). Article title. Journal Title, vol.

http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm

http://www.nytimes.com/

#(issue #), page numbers where the article was found.

▪ Example (note that the second and third lines of the reference are indented five spaces):

Shapiro, D., Kirkman, B., & Courtney, H. (2007). Perceived causes and solutions of the

translation problem in management research. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 249-

266.

 Book: Author name (publication year). Book Title. Location: Publisher.

▪ Example: Fitzgerald, S. P. (2002). Decision Making. London: Capstone Publishing, Ltd.

Reference Page Example

References

Allen, G. (1998). Motivating Supervision. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from:

http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregoryxytheorydiagrm

Chapman, A. (n.d.). Adam’s Equity Theory. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from:

http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm

Chapman, A. (n.d.). Herzberg’s Motivation Theory. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from:

http://www.businessballs.com/herzberg.htm

Dreyfack, R. (2004, May). Personalizing productivity. Supervision, 65(5), 20-22.

http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregoryxytheorydiagrm

http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm

http://www.businessballs.com/herzberg.htm

Shapiro, D., Kirkman, B., & Courtney, H. (2007). Perceived causes and solutions of the

translation problem in management research. Academy of Management Journal,

50(2), 249-266.

Notes:

▪ “n.d.” = no date. Use this for the date when there is no publication date available.

▪ First line of each reference is at the left margin, and each subsequent line in that

same reference is indented 5 spaces (one tab stop).

▪ Arrange references alphabetically based on last name of the first author of each work.

 Add an appendix after the reference page when you have supplemental

material (e.g., a chart, table, diagram, or picture) that you refer to in your

paper.

 Appendices are optional and depend upon the nature of the assignment.

 Appendices (if any) should be placed at the end of the paper and identified

with capital letters (e.g., Appendix A).

 The title of the appendix should be placed immediately below the appendix

label.

 The appendix label and title should be centered at the top of the page, as in

the example below:

Appendix A

Workflow Diagram

 When professors ask you to “follow APA style” or “use APA format,” they are

referring to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth

Edition.

 APA is one of several styles that is used for writing academic papers (MLA is

another) and includes extensive details about how to format citations and references.

 APA format is required for doctoral students and recommended for University

master’s and undergraduate students.

 APA helps to provide a common, standard format for academic scholars to follow.

 For additional information and guidance on APA style, here are two excellent

resources:

▪ The APA Style website at http://www.apastyle.org (see the links and tutorials at the

bottom of the Web page)

▪ The Purdue Online Writing Lab (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/)

contains extensive, detailed guidance not only on APA format, but also on general

http://www.apastyle.org/

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

writing, job search writing, and research writing (see the tabs at the top of the Web

page).

Set up your paper as follows:

 Set 1-inch margins on all four sides.

 Use 12-point type throughout; don’t use different type sizes.

 Double-space the text throughout the paper, including the reference page.

 Do not put extra spaces between paragraphs or between headings and

paragraphs.

 Use italics or bold for emphasis, but use them sparingly or it becomes too

distracting for your reader.

Before you submit your assignment:

 Re-read the assignment instructions and make sure you addressed

each one in your paper.

 Always run spelling and grammar check in MS Word before submitting

your assignment.

 If you struggle with grammar, or have trouble with sentence and paragraph

structure, invite a classmate or colleague with strong English writing skills

to proofread your work prior to submission. This process will improve your

writing skills.

 Also, consult the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) for writing guidance and

examples.

 Don’t expect overnight miracles. Writing and editing are iterative processes

that take ongoing practice, feedback, refinement, and attention to detail—

even for the best writers. Your writing will improve as you advance through

the program!

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