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Discuss the purpose of the literature review and in which situation will you use it? Discuss also what are the challenges that nurses are facing today when they have to do a literature review?
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Chapter 5
Literature Reviews: Finding and Critiquing Evidence
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Question
Tell whether the statement is true or false:
A research literature review is a written summary of evidence on a research problem.
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Answer
True
A research literature review is a written summary of evidence on a research problem.
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Purposes of a Literature Review
Identification of a research problem
Orientation to what is known/not known
Determination of gaps or inconsistencies in a body of research
Determination of a need to replicate a study
Identification of clinical interventions that need to be tested
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Purposes of a Literature Review (cont.)
Identification of relevant conceptual frameworks for a research problem
Identification of suitable designs and data collection methods
Identification of experts who could be used as consultants on a project
Assistance in interpreting findings and developing implications
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Sources of Information in a Research Literature Review
Principal reliance on primary sources (research reports written by researchers who conducted the study)
Less reliance on secondary sources (summaries of studies by others)
Peripheral use of anecdotal reports, opinion articles, case reports
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Question
Tell whether the statement is true or false:
An ancestry approach uses pivotal studies to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it.
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Answer
False
Ancestry approach: tracking down earlier studies cited in a reference list of a report
Descendancy approach: using a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it
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Finding Studies
Ancestry approach: tracking down earlier studies cited in a reference list of a report
Descendancy approach: using a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it
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Types of Search in Electronic Databases
Subject search
Search for topics or keywords in the database
Text word search
Search for specific words in text fields of the database record
Author search
Search for a specific researcher
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Key Electronic Databases for Nurse Researchers
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)
MEDLINE (Medical Literature on-Line)
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Example of a Printout from a CINAHL Search
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Example of a Printout from a
PubMed Search
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Abstracting and Recording Information
Coding the studies
Literature review protocols
Literature review matrices
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Question
Matrices are a convenient means of abstracting and organizing information for a literature review. What is the purpose of evaluation matrix?
Record methodologic features of a set of studies.
Record research findings.
Record quality assessment information.
Record thematic analysis of the retrieved information.
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Answer
C
A reviewer might use a methodologic matrix to record methodologic features of a set of studies, a set of results matrices to record research findings, and an evaluation matrix to record quality assessment information. The use of such matrices facilitates thematic analysis of the retrieved information.
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Matrix
Methodologic
Results
Evaluation
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Example of a Literature Review Protocol
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Critiquing Studies and Evaluating the Evidence
Research critiques of individual studies
Evaluating a body of research
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Analyzing and Synthesizing Information
Theme Analysis:
Substantive themes
Theoretical themes
Methodologic themes
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Preparing a Written Literature Review
Organizing the review
Writing a literature review
1. Content
2. Style
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Guidelines for Critiquing
Literature Reviews
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Chapter 6
Theoretical Frameworks
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
A theory is an abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena.
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Answer
True
A theory is an abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena.
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Question
What is a descriptive theory?
An abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena
A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it
A theory attempt to describe large segments of the human experience
A theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience
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Answer
B
Classical theory: an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena
Descriptive theory: a theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it
Grand theory: a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experience
Middle-range theory: a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience
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Theory
An abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena
Classical theory: an abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena
Descriptive theory: a theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it
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Theory (cont.)
Grand theory: a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experience
Middle-range theory: a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Schematic models are graphic, theory-driven representations of phenomena and their interrelationships using symbols or diagrams and a minimal use of words.
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Answer
True
Schematic models are graphic, theory-driven representations of phenomena and their interrelationships using symbols or diagrams and a minimal use of words.
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Conceptual Models
Deal with abstractions, assembled in a coherent scheme
Represent a less formal attempt than theories to explain phenomena
Do not have formal propositions about relationships among phenomena
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Framework
Theoretical framework (based on theory)
Conceptual framework (based on a conceptual model)
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Commonalities between Theories and Conceptual Models
Use concepts as building blocks
Require conceptual definitions of key concepts
Can be depicted in a schematic model
Are created by humans
Are developed inductively
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Commonalities between Theories and Conceptual Models (cont.)
Cannot be proven—they are supported to greater or lesser degrees
Can be used to generate hypotheses
Can serve as a stimulus to research
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5-Step Process for Developing Conceptual Definitions
Develop a preliminary definition.
Do an in-depth literature review.
Identify exemplary cases.
Map the concept’s meaning.
State the revised conceptual
definition.
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Conceptual Models of Nursing
Formal explanations of what nursing practice is
Four concepts central to models of nursing:
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing
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Conceptual Models Used Frequently by Nurse Researchers
Conceptual models of nursing:
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings
Other models developed by nurses:
Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM)
Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory
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Examples of Non-Nursing Models by Nurse Researchers
Becker’s Health Belief Model (HBM)
Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory of Stress and Coping
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
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The Use of Theories or Models in Quantitative Research
Testing a theory
Testing two competing theories
Using a theory/model as an organizing structure
Fitting a problem into theory
Developing an original theory/model
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Question
What type of theory do some qualitative researchers seek to develop that provide data-driven explanations to account for phenomena under study?
Grounded
Ethnography
Phenomenology
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Answer
A
Some qualitative researchers specifically seek to develop grounded theories, data-driven explanations to account for phenomena under study through inductive processes. Ethnography is cultural theories—ideational and materialistic. Phenomenology is the phenomenologic theory of human experience.
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Theories in Qualitative Research
Substantive theory—conceptualizations of the target phenomena
Theory embedded in a research tradition
Grounded theory (symbolic interactionism)
Ethnography (cultural theories: ideational and materialistic)
Phenomenology (phenomenologic theory of human experience)
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Examples of Questions to Assess a
Model or Theory
Clarity: Are key concepts defined? Are definitions clear?
Complexity: Is the theory sufficiently rich? Overly complex?
Grounding: Is there an empirical basis for the theory?
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Examples of Questions to Assess a Model or Theory (cont.)
Appropriateness: Are key concepts within the domain of nursing?
Importance: Will testing the theory contribute to nursing’s evidence base?
Competition: Are there theories that better explain the key phenomenon?
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