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Pioneers and Progress: 1896-1936
(selected readings)
The Cold War Olympics, 1948- 1988
(selected readings)
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Origins of Modern Olympic Games
Originated in Athens in 1896
Evolved into one of the most significant social forces of the 20th century
Purpose:
To produce an international athletic festival
Bring people together
Promote world peace
Educate the youth of the world
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Modern Olympic Games
Promote ideals of fair play
Character formation through participation
Games promote ideals
Peace, harmony, cooperation
Transcend political barriers
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Spirit of Olympism
Viable social force
Integral part of the modern Olympic Movement
“Way of life based on the joy of effort and mutual respect” (Coubertin)
Olympic Games are inclusive
Promote peace and understanding throughout world
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Architect of the Modern Olympic Games: Dr. William Penny Brookes
Father of British Physical Education
1850 – the Wenlock Olympic Class
made ceremony and pageantry an important feature of this event
1860 – known as Wenlock Olympian Society
Worked with the Zappas family, J. Gennadius, and Pierre de Coubertin to revive Olympic Games in Greece
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Architect of the Modern Olympic Games: Baron Pierre de Fredy de Coubertin
Dedicated his life to educational reform:
Focused on improving French pedagogy and revitalize the youth of France
Games were a means to this end
International travels influenced his plan
Athletic competition would be the catalyst
Promoted athletics throughout France and gained control over amateur sport
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Baron Pierre de Coubertin
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Baron Pierre de Coubertin, 1915
Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
Reestablishing the Games
June 23, 1894: Coubertin organized Sorbonne International Congress
International Olympic Committee (IOC) formed during that Summer
Coubertin elected IOC Secretary General; became IOC President after 1896 Games
1924 Olympic Games in Paris were Coubertin’s last as President
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The 1st Olympiad: Athens, 1896
Preparation for the Games
Construction of the stadium
Money
Legitimizing Olympic Games
Participation in the Games
Track and field, gymnastics, target shooting, and fencing matches
241 male athletes from 13 National Olympic Committees (NOC’s)
William Sloane of Princeton University assembled and trained the American team
American James Connolly won the first Olympic medal in triple jump
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Athens, 1896
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Olympic stadium in Athens, built for 1896 Games
Image source: Photo © R. Mechikoff
The 2nd Olympiad: Paris, 1900
Governing body of French sport did not cooperate with IOC
Official and unofficial Olympic events caused controversy
997 athletes from 24 NOCs participated
Female athletes made their first Olympic appearance in tennis and croquet
First appearance: Golf, polo, rugby, cricket
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The 3rd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904
St. Louis wanted Games along with Louisiana Purchase Exposition
Games were originally awarded to Chicago
James Sullivan and Pres. Roosevelt changed
Coubertin refused to attend
Games were primarily American event
651 athletes from 12 NOCs participated, including the first Africans to compete in the Games
American women: competed & won all archery events
1st and only time American football was an event
Canada—gold; U.S.—silver
*
The 4th Olympiad: London, 1908
Games were held in conjunction with the Franco-British Exhibition
2,008 athletes from 22 NOCs participated
37 women from 4 countries competed
Games became involved with political turmoil and nationalism
Flag issues
British advocacy of the creed of fair play versus American attempts to devise their own, more favorable scoring systems
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The 5th Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912
Last Olympiad for Russia until 1952
Women’s swimming, equestrian, modern pentathlon
Olympic trials ensured best American athletes
Hosted 2,407 athletes from 28 nations
48 women athletes represented 11 nations
Competitors included Jim Thorpe, Douglas McArthur, George Patton, Avery Brundage
Stockholm, 1912 video
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Stockholm, 1912
Members of the 1912 U.S. Olympic squad; Jim Thorpe is wearing a
turtleneck warm-up sweater
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Members of the 1912 U.S. Olympic squad
Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
Stockholm, 1912
100-meter race, won by Ralph Craig of the United States
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100-meter race from the 1912 Olympic Games, Stockholm
Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
Stockholm 1912: Jim Thorpe
Won both pentathlon and decathlon
Accused of playing semipro baseball less than one year after Stockholm
Thorpe admitted to playing baseball and being naïve about amateur rules
Stripped of medals by USOC and IOC
1983: medals restored posthumously
The 7th Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920
Games initiated tradition of Olympic oath and five-ring Olympic flag
Paavo Nurmi, distance runner from Finland, made Olympic history
One of greatest distance runners of all time
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Participation of Women
Coubertin not in favor of women competing
Mme. Millait established Federation Feminine Sportive Internationalle (FSFI)
Organized First Women’s Olympic Games 1922
1920 Olympiad – 65 women from 13 nations competed
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The 10th Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932
The most grandiose athletic festival in modern history
1332 athletes from 37 nations
Spirit of Olympicism and cooperation
The 11th Olympiad: Berlin, 1936
Politicians used Games for blatant political purposes
Hitler tried to undermine ideal of Olympism
Used games to send message of Nazi superiority
American athletes threatened boycott
Wanted Nazis to allow other races to compete
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The 11th Olympiad: Berlin, 1936
Torch run was initiated in the opening
ceremonies
3,963 athletes competed from 49 nations; 331 women athletes
American Jesse Owens was a superstar
Americans collected 56 medals
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Berlin, 1936
The Nazi Olympics
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Jesse Owens at the start of his winning 200-meter run, 1936 Olympic Games
Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
Olympic Interim
Next Olympic Games not until 1948
Coubertin dies in 1936
Count Henri de Baillet Latour successor
Dies suddenly
J. Sifried Edstrom was elected IOC president during 1946 London meeting
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The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968
Most controversial ever
Severe clashes between students and police
Tlatelco Massacre
Threatened staging of the Olympics
6 days of rioting
150,000 students seeking “autonomy”
Athletes participated in political demonstrations during the Games
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The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968
Games marked a radical departure from past Olympic politics
U.S. Olympians John Carlos and Tommie Smith staged a Black Power demonstration on the victory stand
Black Power Conference: Olympic Project for Human Rights emerged
Black Power Salute
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The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968
5,516 athletes from 112 nations competed
American Olympic contingent was the largest in attendance
U.S. fared well in swimming and diving
Americans continued to dominate men’s basketball
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The 20th Olympiad: Munich, 1972
Cold War between East and West
Student activism declined
Political terrorism increased
Many countries in political turmoil
Eleven nations boycotted the Games
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The 20th Olympiad: Munich, 1972
The Munich Massacre
Sep. 5: Arab terrorists kill 11 Israelis
Israel & New York Times call end to Games
Memorial for slain Israelis
Games resumed
Egypt, Kuwait, Syria: left Munich
After Games: Israeli war planes attacked Arab guerrilla bases
Munich Report
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The 20th Olympiad: Munich, 1972
7,134 athletes competed from 121 nations, 1,059 women
Frank Shorter of U.S. won the marathon
American swimmers dominated
Finn, Lasse Viren, won gold medals in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter races
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The 23rd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984
LAOOC: first corporate Olympiad in history
First time Games generated “surplus,” $200 M
LAOOC was allowed to sell corporate sponsorships and to negotiate television contracts
Historically IOC had all money rights
The 23rd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984 cont.
IOC agreed to the demands of the LAOOC
Commercialization of the Games
The 23rd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984 cont.
Political atmosphere
Russians angry because of American boycott of 1980
LAOOC officials: numerous trips to Moscow
Propaganda war between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
8 weeks before the Games, the Soviet Union cited “security concerns” as a reason to withdraw its team from the Games
Payback for the U.S. boycott in 1980
Los Angeles, 1984: Notables
6,829 athletes competed from 140 nations
1,566 women athletes competed
U.S. athletes dominated the games
U.S. men’s volleyball won its first gold medal
U.S. basketball teams won gold
Carl Lewis: star of the games
4 gold medals in track and field
The 32nd Olympiad: Tokyo, 2020
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