PSY-470 Topic 1 Benchmark: Models of Abnormality Matrix
Part 1: In a total of 1,000-1,250 words (or 250-350 words per column) identify and explain:
1. Each of the six models of abnormality (biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural (family-social and multicultural), and the developmental psychopathology perspective).
2. Provide specific and current examples to demonstrate the application and treatment of each.
Part 2: Answer the summary question (150-250 words).
Part 1
Use the GCU Library databases and include two to four scholarly sources from the GCU library to support your claims. In addition to the scholarly resources from the library, you can include past classroom materials as well as your textbook as additional reference material. References and in-text citations must be in APA style; however, the worksheet should be single spaced. Please single space with the exception of the in-text citations and references.
|
Interpersonal Therapy (example) |
1. Biological |
2. Psychodynamic |
3. Cognitive Behavioral |
|
|
Cause of Dysfunction (How does this model view the cause of dysfunction?) |
Interpersonal therapy is based on the premise that dysfunctions in interpersonal relationships are significant factors in the onset of mental health disorders, as well likely outcomes of mental health disorders (Rahioui et al., 2015). In this view, dysfunction in interpersonal relationships has a direct effect on the patient’s ability to cope with stressors, and the problematic relationship becomes an additional source of stress, exacerbating the mental health problem. |
|||
|
Key Therapy Technique (Describe one or two key therapy techniques used in this model.) |
One of the primary therapeutic techniques in IPT is the formation of the therapeutic alliance; which is seen as a key element of change. Once the therapeutic alliance has been established, the therapist views themselves as an ally (Rahioui et al., 2015) who works in collaboration with the patient to develop (or improve) social support systems; reduce stress (particularly interpersonal stress); process difficult emotions; and improve the patient’s interpersonal skills (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). |
|||
|
Goal of Therapy (What is the overarching goal of therapy in this model?) |
The primary goal of IPT therapy is reduce dysfunctional symptoms by resolving interpersonal conflicts in a patient’s life; this is facilitated by forming an empathic therapeutic alliance between patient and therapist (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). By modeling a healthy interpersonal relationship in the therapy room, the therapist helps the client examine their relationships and create action plans to make those relationships healthier and more functional. |
|||
|
How would this model explain depression? |
This model views most problems (including depression) as being caused by one of four primary issues: grief, role transition, role dispute, or interpersonal deficits. Depression could stem from any of these four categories, or a combination thereof (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). IPT also acknowledges the complex etiology of many disorders, including depression (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). |
|||
|
How would this model treat depression? |
IPT is a time-limited therapy model, with three distinct phases. In phase one, the therapist evaluates the patient to determine the etiology of their depression (which includes a thorough examination of past and present relationships) and develops a treatment plan. The primary goal of IPT is realized in Phase 2, in which therapist and client address the interpersonal problem and actively work on skill building, processing emotions, reducing stressors, and increasing social support. The final phase is the termination phase. |
|
4. Humanistic Existential |
5. Sociocultural |
6. Developmental Psychopathology |
Part 2
Summary
In 150-250 words, differentiate between each psychological model (school of thought). What are the key differences between each of the models?
References (Example)
Lipsitz, J. D., & Markowitz, J. C. (2013). Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy (IPT). Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1134-1147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109031/
Rahioui, H., Blecha, L., Bottai, T., Depuy, C., Jacquesy, L., Kochman, F., Meybard, J-A., Papeta, D., Rammouz, I., & Ghachem, R. (2015). Interpersonal psychotherapy from research to practice. L’Encephale, 41(2), 184-189. https://
10.1016/j.encep.2013.07.004
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Destani Lewis
Benchmark – Models of Abnormality Matrix
Summary
2640 Words
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PSY-470 Topic 1 Benchmark: Models of Abnormality
Matrix
Part 1
Use the GCU Library databases and include two to four scholarly sources from the GCU Library
to support your claims. In addition to the scholarly resources from the library, you can include
past classroom materials as well as your textbook as additional reference material.
References
and in-text citations must be in APA style; however, the worksheet should be single-spaced.
Please single space except for the in-text citations and references.
Inter
personal
Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
Cause of
Dysfunction
(How does
this model
view the
cause of
dysfunction?)
Interpersonal therapy is
based on the premise
that dysfunctions in
interpersonal
relationships are
significant factors in the
onset of mental health
disorders, as well as
likely outcomes of
mental health disorders
(Rahioui et al., 2015).
In this view, dysfunction
in interpersonal
relationships has a
direct effect on the
patient’s ability to cope
with stressors, and the
problematic
relationship becomes
an additional source of
stress, exacerbating the
mental health problem.
Biological models
assert that the
causes of
dysfunction or
disorders have
physical or organic
causes. It focuses
more on the use of
genetics,
neuroanatomy, and
neurophysiology.
The approach,
therefore, argues
that mental
disorders are
related to physical
structures as well
as the functioning
of the brain. Other
causes of
dysfunction that
would lead to
mental health
issues are
infections,
chemical
imbalances, and
that could lead to
mild or vital
symptoms of the
disorder. Therefore,
relationships
The
psychodynamic
model strongly
supports views that
behaviors are
caused by other
unconscious factors
which humans have
no control over.
Feelings and
unconscious
thoughts get
transferred in the
form of what we
define as the slip of
the tongue. It,
therefore, means
that
psychodynamic
approaches place
psychological
factors to be the
main cause that
contributes to
mental health
issues without
taking into action
genetic factors. An
example of this
condition is a
general anxiety
disorder.
CBT models assert
that how
individuals
perceive situations
in that they are
closely related to
their reactions than
what the situation
itself occurs.
Individual
perceptions are
therefore not
important in
understanding what
is particularly vital.
It tries to
understand and
explain how
abnormal
psychology about
internal thoughts
contributes to
mental health
issues. An example
of this condition is
substance use.
between causes and
the general human
body functionalities
Interpersonal
Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
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are further
explained by the
biological model.
Examples of
mental disorders
that are explained
by the biological
model are autism,
schizophrenia, and
bipolar disorders.
Key Therapy
Technique
(Describe
one or two
key therapy
techniques
used in this
model.)
One of the primary
therapeutic techniques
in IPT is the formation
of the therapeutic
alliance; which is seen
as a key element of
change. Once the
therapeutic alliance has
been established, the
therapist views as an
ally (Rahioui et al.,
2015) who works in
collaboration with the
patient to develop (or
improve) social support
systems; reduce stress
(particularly
interpersonal stress);
process difficult
emotions; and improve
the patient’s
interpersonal skills
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013).
The key therapy
technique that is
used in the
biological model to
handle patients
with mental issues
is the electro-
inclusive therapy
ECT which is a
procedure in which
the application of
electric stimulus is
applied. It is
commonly applied
in patients with
extreme
depression
or bipolar disorders
that have been tried
with other methods
with no progress.
The key therapy
applied under
psychodynamic
models is a free
association which
involves therapists
asking victims to
share their thoughts
and anything else
that comes to their
mind to be
authentic. This
creates different
views in which
they can
successfully
interact with others
in different social
situations.
Cognitive
restructuring is a
therapeutic method
that is used in
cognitive-
behavioral methods
to help in
discovering,
challenging, and
modification of
victims to help in
replacing their
negative thoughts
with positive ones
to reduce the
mental and
psychological
issues they suffer
from.
Goal of
Therapy
(What is the
overarching
goal of
therapy in
this model?)
The primary goal of
IPT therapy is to reduce
dysfunctional symptoms
by resolving
interpersonal conflicts
in a patient’s life; this is
facilitated by forming
an empathic therapeutic
alliance between
patient and therapist
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013). By modeling a
healthy interpersonal
relationship in the
therapy room, the
therapist helps the
client examine their
relationships and create
The main aim of
ECT in biological
models is to relieve
symptoms among
victims that involve
mental health
issues. This is
made possible
through treatments
that send electric
signals through the
brain of the patients
to cause a seizure.
The main aim of
free association
which is a therapy
in psychodynamics
is to help patients
learn about their
emotions, thoughts,
feelings. This helps
them understand
what they need in
any space that they
are involved in
such as during
acceptance,
The cognitive
restructuring aims
at educating
victims on when to
become more
aware of what they
interpret negatively
among other
behavioral patterns
which leads to
distorted thinking
that induces stress.
It has been
approved to be
action plans to make
those relationships
healthier and more
functional.
curiosity, or a non-
judgmental space.
successful in stress
management
through replacing
distortions with
more balanced
thoughts.
Interpersonal
Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
How would
this model
explain
depression?
This model views most
problems (including
depression) as being
caused by one of four
primary issues: grief,
role transition, role
dispute, or
interpersonal deficits.
Depression could stem
from any of these four
categories, or a
combination thereof
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013). IPT also
acknowledges the
complex etiology of
many disorders,
including depression
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013).
Biological models
explain depression
to be inherited
through genetics
and there exists
evidence that
proves the
predisposition such
as in biochemistry
through the Amine
hypothesis. This
way the levels of
monoamines can be
easily demonstrated
to create a better
understanding of
the issue.
Psychodynamic
forms of therapy
would explain
depression to be a
form of therapy
that requires to give
in detail a person’s
past to be used in
fixing the current
situation whose
origin is from the
Freudian theories.
Psychodynamic
therapists,
therefore, believe
that the main cause
of depression is the
challenges that
victims face such
as unhealthy
relationships based
on their families.
This explains that
depression results
from the presence
of negativity in
their life through
the events they take
part in and the
reactions they have
towards those
events. The
reactions, therefore,
cause developing
symptoms of
depression.
How would
this model
IPT is a time-limited
therapy model, with
three distinct phases. In
phase one, the therapist
evaluates the patient to
determine the etiology
of their depression
(which includes a
thorough examination
of past and present
relationships) and
develops a treatment
Biological methods
of treating
depression
integrate
electroconvulsive
therapies, sleep
depreciation as
well as
antidepressants and
Through focusing
on the onset and
psychological roots
for specific
emotional suffering
by victims, the
psychodynamic
model hallmarks
self-reflection for
Cognitive
approaches treat
depression by
allowing the victim
to understand and
recognize their
negative thoughts,
this way the
victims can
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treat
depression?
plan. The primary goal
of IPT is realized in
Phase 2, in which
therapist and client
address the
interpersonal problem
and actively work on
skill-building,
processing emotions,
reducing stressors, and
increasing social
MAO inhibitors Lipsitz &
Markowitz,
2013). However,
ECT is common to
medically treat
depression for
victims who had
not responded to
other forms of
victims to develop strategies to cope
with problems
through intentional
plans and
awareness rather
than focusing on
emotions on
feelings to handle
depression
progressively correct the false
beliefs that are
responsible for
depressive
symptoms. This is
conducted through
CBT which is one
of the most
efficient evidence-
support. The final phase
is the termination
phase.
treatments among
other bipolar
disorders.
(Saunders &
Eaton,2018).
based
psychological
interventions that
can treat depression
among other
psychiatric
disorders.
Interpersonal
Therapy (example)
1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Cognitive Behavioral
Interpersonal
Therapy (example)
4. Humanistic
Existential 5. Sociocultural
6. Developmental
Psychopathology
Interpersonal therapy is
based on the premise
that dysfunctions in
interpersonal
relationships are
significant factors in
the onset of mental
health disorders, as
The humanistic-
existential model of
abnormality asserts
that no symptom or
behavior can be
The sociocultural
model believes that
dysfunctions are
not caused by
medical or
psychological
aspects but are
social. It associates
The developmental
psychopathology
model asserts that
the cause of
dysfunctions is
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Cause of
Dysfunction
(How does
this model
view the
cause of
dysfunction?)
well as likely outcomes of mental health
disorders (Rahioui et
al., 2015). In this view,
dysfunction in
interpersonal
relationships has a
direct effect on the
patient’s ability to cope
with stressors, and the
problematic
relationship becomes
an additional source of
stress, exacerbating the
mental health problem.
accidental and that
dysfunctions result
from the inability
of humans to use
their judgments to
make rational
choices to be able
to create sound
meanings of their
lives. Therefore, it
believes that self-
deception causes
dysfunctions such
as general anxiety
disorders which are
common
social and cultural
aspects to be able
to suggest
abnormalities and
directs it to one’s
social interactions
and criteria. An
example is anxiety
disorders where
some men seem to
hide their feelings
based on societal
pressures to act like
men which cause
dysfunctions
among men
(Rahioui et
al,2015).
based on how and when psychological
factors affect the
outcomes of life on
victims. This could
be due to past
traumatic
experiences and
other dangerous
circumstances. The
common examples
of dysfunctions
demonstrated under
the model are
depression,
schizophrenia, and
autism.
Key Therapy
Technique
(Describe
one or two
key therapy
techniques
used in this
model.)
One of the primary
therapeutic techniques
in IPT is the formation
of the therapeutic
alliance; which is seen
as a key element of
change. Once the
therapeutic alliance has
been established, the
therapist views as an
ally (Rahioui et al.,
2015) who works in
collaboration with the
patient to develop (or
improve) social support
systems; reduce stress
(particularly
interpersonal stress);
process difficult
emotions; and improve
the patient’s
interpersonal skills
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013).
The common forms
of therapy used in
humanistic-
existential models
are client-centered
therapy and
Rogerian therapy
which are based on
the criteria that
clients must be
personalized to
influence their
thoughts about
criticism and
disapproval from
others and how
they view
themselves
(Whitehead &
Group therapy
sessions are used in
sociocultural
models of
abnormality to
include patients
where
psychologists seek
to treat victims as a
whole if in the case
is a family rather
than individuals.
This helps in
influencing
behaviors that had
been inherited from
cultural and social
aspects by family
members that have
Developmental
psychopathology
therapy is the key
therapy used in
handling related
forms of
dysfunctions
through integrating
explanatory models
and other coherent
approaches as well
as developmental
science to treat
victims.
Senecal,2020). The
therapies ensure a
supportive
environment in
which clients can
reestablish their
initial identities.
been affecting their
mental statuses.
Interpersonal
Therapy (example)
4. Humanistic
Existential 5. Sociocultural
6. Developmental
Psychopathology
Goal of
Therapy
(What is the
overarching
goal of
therapy in
this model?)
The primary goal of
IPT therapy is to reduce
dysfunctional symptoms
by resolving
interpersonal conflicts
in a patient’s life; this is
facilitated by forming
an empathic therapeutic
alliance between
patient and therapist
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013). By modeling a
healthy interpersonal
relationship in the
therapy room, the
therapist helps the
client examine their
relationships and create
action plans to make
those relationships
healthier and more
functional.
The primary goal
of client-centered
therapy in human
existential models
is to influence
victims’ perceptions
depending on
current
circumstances and
even help the
individual to
understand and
identify their
challenges to
ensure progress.
The primary goal
for group therapies
categorized under
the sociocultural
sector is to identify
and bring people
together who have
different
sociocultural views
about certain
factors which have
influenced their
mental health status
such as depression
to change their
beliefs (Nordahi et
al,2018).
The goal of DP is
to infuse an
understanding of
development into
diagnosis and
treatment of
psychopathology
issues to help
victims understand
the progress of
developmental
issues and how to
avoid further
issues.
How would
this model
explain
depression?
This model views most
problems (including
depression) as being
caused by one of four
primary issues: grief,
role transition, role
dispute, or
interpersonal deficits.
Depression could stem
from any of these four
categories, or a
combination thereof
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013). IPT also
acknowledges the
complex etiology of
many disorders,
including depression
(Lipsitz & Markowitz,
2013).
All the humanistic
approaches view
depression as a
form of disturbance
that a person is
unable to grow to
the extent of their
potential and that
each person can
change a situation.
This asserts that the
social and cultural
population in
which people live
are the main social
stressors that cause
depression among
people and that it is
also influenced by
psychological and
biological factors
of people’s lives.
Developmental
psychopathology
characterizes
depression, to
begin with,
assumptions that
social systems,
neurobiological,
and psychological
systems are always
organized across
life-course through
examining changes
in humans.
How would
this model
IPT is a time-limited
therapy model, with
three distinct phases. In
phase one, the therapist
Human existential
therapies focus on
personal
Cultural and social
aspects of victims
are discussed and
CBT approaches
teach how victims
of depression
categorized as a dysfunction. All the models of abnormality can influence the diagnosis and
treatment of victims to guarantee better lifestyles.
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on the other hand (…: On the other hand But
treat depression?
evaluates the patient to
determine the etiology
of their depression
responsibilities and freedom and that
the depressed are
that change is influenced through
group therapies to
should be aware of their negative
patterns and that it
(which includes a
thorough examination
of past and present
relationships) and
develops a treatment
plan. The primary goal
of IPT is realized in
Phase 2, in which
therapist and client
address the
interpersonal problem
and actively work on
skill-building,
processing emotions,
reducing stressors, and
increasing social
support. The final phase
is the termination
phase.
helped through
empathy, positive
regards to
understanding to
impact healing
after they
experience the
conditions
themselves.
influence their way
of thinking
positively and to
eradicate bad
thoughts that are
likely to cause
depression.
can help them
reframe their
thinking to enable
them to fight
depressive
symptoms.
Interpersonal
Therapy (example)
4. Humanistic
Existential 5. Sociocultural
6. Developmental
Psychopathology
Summary
Psychological abnormality is discussed by several models including humanistic-existential,
sociocultural, developmental
psychopathology, biological, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic models. All these models
aim at explaining the causes and
treatment options for several psychological illnesses from different approaches (Hou et al,2020).
The biological model asserts that the brain and other related neuroanatomies are responsible for
mental abnormalities and that treatment options are medically based. The cognitive-behavioral
model sees all psychological issues to result from thoughts of patients as well as humanistic-
existential models only that cognitive corresponds with reactions of the victims. The humanistic-
existential model emphasizes the role of self-determination and choice to influence people’s
problems. On the other hand, sociocultural factors explain the impact of people’s beliefs and
traditions on the mental health status of people while the psychopathology model defines
abnormality as a deviation from mental health such that anything that is not normal can be
References
Hou, T., Zhang, T., Cai, W., Song, X., Chen, A., Deng, G., & Ni, C. (2020). Social support and
mental health among health care workers during Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak: A
moderated mediation model. Plos one, 15(5), e0233831.
https://10.1016/j.encep.2013.07.004
Lipsitz, J. D., & Markowitz, J. C. (2013). Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy
(IPT). Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1134-1147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109031/
Nordahl, H. M., Borkovec, T. D., Hagen, R., Kennair, L. E., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., … & Wells,
A. (2018). Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive–behavioural therapy in adults with
generalised anxiety disorder. BJPsych open, 4(5), 393-400.
Rahioui, H., Blecha, L., Bottai, T., Depuy, C., Jacquesy, L., Kochman, F., Meybard, J-A.,
Papeta, D., Rammouz, I., & Ghachem, R. (2015). Interpersonal psychotherapy from
research to practice. L’Encephale, 41(2), 184-189.
Saunders, J. F., & Eaton, A. A. (2018). Snaps, selfies, and shares: How three popular social
media platforms contribute to the sociocultural model of disordered eating among young
women. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(6), 343-354.
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