RETRIEVE ANSWERS FROM POWERPOINT ATTACHED!
1. Explain the three general rules for analyzing medical terms. Give one example of a medical term for each rule ( Examples should be different from those use in the PowerPoint).
2. Divide the following medical terms using slashes, then label each part and find its meaning. Finally, write the meaning of the whole term. Follow the format used in the PowerPoint for chapter 1 and the textbook (You should have all four steps completed for each term to earn full credit).
- -Cerebral
- -Diagnosis
- -Iatrogenic
3. List all body cavities. Which ones are dorsal and which ones are ventral? Which cavity contains the liver? Which cavity contains the pituitary gland?
4. List all positional and directional terms that apply to the following:
- -A torn ligament in the left knee
- -A skin rash on the forehead
Chapter 1
Basic Word Structure
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Chapter Learning Objectives
Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language
Divide medical words into their component parts.
Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.
Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.
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Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.
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Chapter 1
Lesson 1.1
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OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING
THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE
Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.
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Word Analysis
HEMAT/O/LOGY
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Word Analysis
HEMAT/O/LOGY
root suffix
combining vowel
hemat means blood
-logy means process of study
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Word Analysis
Important elements:
Root: foundation of the term
Suffix: word ending
Prefix: word beginning
Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation
Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel
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Combining vowel has no meaning of its own.
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Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term?
A. Suffix
B. Prefix
C. Combining Vowel
D. Combining Form
QUICK QUIZ:
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Correct answer is B; the prefix is the element that appears at the beginning of a medical term.
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Word Analysis
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
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Word Analysis
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
root root suffix
combining vowels
electr means electricity
cardi means heart
-gram means record
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Word Analysis
GASTR/ITIS
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Word Analysis
GASTR/ITIS
root suffix
gastr means stomach
-itis means inflammation
Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix stars with a vowel (as in “-itis”)
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Word Analysis
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
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Word Analysis
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
root root suffix
combining vowels
gastr means stomach
enter means intestines
-logy means process of study
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All medical terms have:
A. A Combining Vowel
B. Two roots
C. A suffix
D. A prefix
QUICK QUIZ:
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Correct answer is C, all medical terms have a suffix. See page 5 of text.
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Word Analysis (cont’d.)
THREE General Rules:
Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across
Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”
Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology
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When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, what often determines which root is listed first? (anatomical position)
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Word Analysis
SUB/GASTR/IC
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Word Analysis
SUB/GASTR/IC
prefix root suffix
sub- means under
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to
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Word Analysis
EPI/GASTR/IC
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Word Analysis
EPI/GASTR/IC
prefix root suffix
epi- means above
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to
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COMBINING FORMS
aden/o _________
arthr/o _________
bi/o _________
carcin/o _________
cardi/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
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. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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aden/o gland
arthr/o joint
bi/o life
carcin/o cancerous, cancer
cardi/o heart
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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. Refer to pp. 8 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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3. Which term means inflammation
of the gland?
arthritis
adentitis
adenoma
cephalic
QUICK QUIZ:
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cephal/o _________
cerebr/o _________
cis/o _________
crin/o _________
cyst/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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cephal/o head
cerebr/o cerebrum
cis/o to cut
crin/o to secrete
cyst/o urinary bladder
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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cyt/o _________
derm/o or dermat/o _________
electr/o _________
encephal/o _________
enter/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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. Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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cyt/o cell
derm/o or dermat/o skin
electr/o electricity
encephal/o brain
enter/o intestines
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms using these word parts
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Term that means study of cells:
cystoscopy
cystitis
cytology
hematology
QUICK QUIZ:
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Correct answer is C, cytology.
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erythr/o _________
gastr/o _________
gn/o _________
gynec/o _________
hemat/o or hem/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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. Refer to pp. 9-10 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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erythr/o red
gastr/o stomach
gn/o knowledge
gynec/o woman, female
hemat/o or hem/o blood
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 9-10 for definitions and medical terms made with these word parts.
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hepat/o _________
iatr/o _________
leuk/o _________
nephr/o _________
neur/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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hepat/o liver
iatr/o treatment, physician
leuk/o white
nephr/o kidney
neur/o nerve
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 10 for definitions and for medical terms from these combining forms.
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onc/o _________
ophthalm/o _________
oste/o _________
path/o _________
ped/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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onc/o tumor
ophthalm/o eye
oste/o bone
path/o disease
ped/o child
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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psych/o _________
radi/o _________
ren/o _________
rhin/o _________
sarc/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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psych/o mind
radi/o x-rays
ren/o kidney
rhin/o nose
sarc/o flesh
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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sect/o _________
thromb/o _________
ur/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms..
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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sect/o to cut
thromb/o clot, clotting
ur/o urinary tract, urine
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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-ac _________
-al _________
-algia _________
-cyte _________
-ectomy _________
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and medical terms made with these suffixes.
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SUFFIXES
-ac pertaining to
-al pertaining to
-algia pain
-cyte cell
-ectomy excision, removal
Combining Form Meaning
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Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
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Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove?
-ectomy
-scopy
-itis
-opsy
QUICK QUIZ:
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Correct answer is A, -ectomy, meaning excision, or removal.
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-emia _________
-genic _________
-globin _________
-gram _________
-ic, ical _________
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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-emia blood condition
-genic produced by or in
-globin protein
-gram record
-ic, ical pertaining to
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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-ion _________
-ist _________
-itis _________
-logy _________
-oma _________
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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-ion process
-ist specialist
-itis inflammation
-logy process of study
-oma tumor, mass, swelling
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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-opsy _________
-osis _________
-pathy _________
-scope _________
-scopy _________
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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-opsy process of viewing
-osis condition, usually abnormal
-pathy disease condition
-scope instrument to visually examine
-scopy process of visually examining
(with an endoscope)
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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-sis _________
-tomy _________
-y _________
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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-sis state of; condition
-tomy process of cutting
-y process, condition
Combining Form Meaning
SUFFIXES
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Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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PREFIXES
a-, an- _________
aut-, auto _________
dia- _________
end-, endo- _________
epi- _________
ex- _________
Combining Form Meaning
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Refer to pp. 13-14 for definition and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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a-, an- no, not, without
aut-, auto self, own
dia- through, complete
end-, endo- within
epi- above, upon
ex- out
Combining Form Meaning
PREFIXES
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Refer to pp. 13-14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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exo- _________
hyper- _________
hypo- _________
in- _________
peri- _________
pro- _________
Combining Form Meaning
PREFIXES
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Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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exo- outside of, outward
hyper- excessive, above, more
hypo- deficient, below, under, less
in- into, in
peri- surrounding, around
pro- before, forward
Combining Form Meaning
PREFIXES
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Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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re- _________
retro- _________
sub- _________
trans- _________
Combining Form Meaning
PREFIXES
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Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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re- back, backward, again
retro- behind
sub- below, under
trans- across, through
Combining Form Meaning
PREFIXES
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Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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Pronunciation of Terms
When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example:
ā as in āpe
ō as in ōpen
When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example:
ă as in ăpple
ŏ as in pŏt
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Review long and short vowel sounds with the students.
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Examples:
adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs
biology bī-OL-ō-jē
cephalic se-FĂL-ik
iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JEN-ik
resection rē-SEK-shŭn
Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d.)
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