Journal: Objectivity and the Reality of a Diverse Society

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It has become an accepted fact that when many governments were created, the idea of “equal” did not actually apply to all citizens. In many countries, this is still true. But elsewhere, as historically maligned groups strive toward equal treatment and access, some once-dominant members of society still struggle with how to incorporate cultural awareness to maintain fairness and public safety. In this Journal entry, you consider how an awareness and acceptance of cultural diversity may affect judicial decision-making.

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Write a 300-word journal response to the following prompts:

How does or can an awareness of cultural diversity affect decisions made in the judicial process?

How does or can an unwillingness to consider cultural diversity affect decisions made in the judicial process?

1/1/22, 5:03 PM Racial and Gender Diversity Sorely Lacking in America’s Courts – Center for American Progress

https://www.americanprogress.org/article/racial-and-gender-diversity-sorely-lacking-in-americas-courts/ 1/5

A R T I C L E SEP 15, 2016

Racial and Gender
Diversity Sorely Lacking
in America’s Courts
Voters of color in Alabama and Texas are suing their states, claiming that they have no representation in
judicial elections.

AUTHORS

Michele L.

Jawando

Allie Anderson

, ,

Last week, a group of African American voters Alabama under the Voting Rights
Act, alleging that its system of at-large elections for the state’s three appellate courts
discriminates against black voters. Since 1994, every black candidate for the state’s 19
appellate judgeships has lost to a white candidate. As ThinkProgress , “At-large
elections have been a common tactic across the country” to minimize the political
in�uence of voters of color. A similar lawsuit was recently . Around 40

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor gives a talk in Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2016. (AP/Cli� Owen)

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1/1/22, 5:03 PM Racial and Gender Diversity Sorely Lacking in America’s Courts – Center for American Progress

https://www.americanprogress.org/article/racial-and-gender-diversity-sorely-lacking-in-americas-courts/ 2/5

percent of Texas’ population is Latino, yet only 5 of the 76 justices who have served on
the Texas Supreme Court since 1945—a mere 6.6 percent—have been Latino.

Texas and Alabama are not alone in their courts’ failure to represent the people they
serve. America’s judges do not re�ect the country’s great diversity, and this discrepancy
has signi�cant rami�cations for Americans’ perceptions of the justice system. New

shows an alarming lack of women and people of color on court benches. This
lack of diversity certainly —because only certain points of view
are represented—as well as how Americans the courts that serve them. At a
time when racial discrimination is at the center of the American political conversation,
a more diverse judiciary could make great strides toward establishing a fairer justice
system. Policymakers must ensure that diverse lawyers have a path to the bench and
dismantle the structural barriers that keep women and people of color away.

Diversity on state and federal courts
State courts handle of America’s court cases, and they continue to
be run primarily by white male judges. A on racial and gender diversity
from the American Constitution Society found that white men comprise 58 percent of
state court judges, even though they make up less than one-third of the population.
Less than one-third of state judges are women, and only 20 percent are people of color.
Meanwhile, Latinos constitute 17 percent of the U.S. population, African Americans 12
percent, and Asians and other people of color 8 percent. Women of color comprise
nearly one-�fth of the overall population but only 8 percent of state judges.

The report further examined the diversity of each state’s courts, grading them on an A
through F scale. Only nine states received a passing score; more than half received an F.
For example, people of color account for only one-quarter of Texas judges, even though
whites account for less than half of the state’s population. A 2015 Center for American
Progress explored this issue further, discussing two Latino justices who lost their
seats to challengers who admitted that they thought Texas voters would reject Latino
candidates.

The recent Voting Rights Act lawsuits also point out the lack of ethnic diversity on the
Texas and Alabama Courts of Criminal Appeals, which have seen even fewer justices of
color. Judicial diversity is particularly important in criminal cases. Not only are
nonwhite Americans represented at disproportionately high rates in the criminal justice
system, but the judges who are hearing those same cases are disproportionally white.
Only 5 percent of state trial court judges are Latino, and only 7 percent are black,
according to the American Constitution Society report.

The racial and ethnic diversity of the nation’s federal courts is slightly better, thanks in
part to President Barack Obama’s noteworthy to appoint judges who re�ect the
diversity of the country. Of the federal judges, 60 percent
are white men, while only 11 percent are black and 7 percent are Latino. Just one-
quarter of federal judges are women. And a mere 7 percent of federal judgeships are
held by women of color, according to research for an upcoming Center for American
Progress report.

The importance of diverse perspectives
After Justice Sonia Sotomayor faced criticism for that a “wise Latina”
judge may “reach a better conclusion” than a white male judge, many her for
arguing that white judges are not as good at their jobs. While the ethnicity of judges has
nothing to do with the quality of their legal reasoning, diversity is important because of
the need for broader perspectives that can be brought to bear on the real-world issues
facing judges in complex cases.

1/1/22, 5:03 PM Racial and Gender Diversity Sorely Lacking in America’s Courts – Center for American Progress

https://www.americanprogress.org/article/racial-and-gender-diversity-sorely-lacking-in-americas-courts/ 3/5

In June, a from Justice Sotomayor—the only woman of color to ever
serve on the U.S. Supreme Court—highlighted the importance of having diverse
perspectives and life experiences on the bench. The Court had ruled that if a police
o�cer illegally stops an individual without reasonable suspicion and discovers an arrest
warrant for that individual, then the previously illegal stop is legitimized and any
evidence seized during the stop can be used in court. This decision issued a serious
blow to Americans’ Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable search and seizure.

Justice Sotomayor argued that it was an example of how the Court gives police too
much discretionary authority over the communities they serve—particularly people of
color, who are disproportionately targeted by these stops. Justice Sotomayor warned
that the ruling tells those Americans that they “are not … citizen[s] of a democracy but
the subject[s] of a carceral state, just waiting to be catalogued.” Perhaps drawing from
her experiences as a woman of color, Justice Sotomayor added that “unlawful ‘stops’
have severe consequences much greater than the inconvenience suggested by the
name,” including trauma and post-traumatic stress. She warned that “the countless
people who are routinely targeted by police … are the canaries in the coal mine whose
deaths, civil and literal, warn us that no one can breathe in this atmosphere.”

Justice Sotomayor brings a vastly di�erent perspective to the Court than her colleagues.
An awareness of the consequences of how the law operates di�erently for women or
people of color is just one reason why Americans need more diversity at all levels of the
nation’s court system. U.S. court rulings remain largely driven by a white male
perspective. The e�ects of discrimination may be more obvious to a woman or a person
of color, and that perspective is important on the bench. One of the Alabama lawsuit
plainti�s noted that diversity “would give judges a better sense of the America we live
in.”

When judges rarely look like the communities they serve, individuals in those
communities may develop a mistrust in the justice system’s capacity to be just and fair
to everyone, as demonstrated in communities such as Ferguson, Missouri, where the
U.S. Department of Justice documented against African Americans and low-
income people in the municipal court system. Women and people of color obviously
bring unique understandings to issues such as criminal justice, immigration, a�rmative
action, and reproductive rights and health. But they also bring di�erent perspectives on
more mundane issues, from tax law to intellectual property. As the country changes and
grows, its courts must represent the fullness of the American experience.

Conclusion
There are quali�ed women and people of color who could �ll state court benches, but
the systems currently in place inhibit e�orts to increase diversity. Building a strong
pipeline from colleges to law schools and a career track to the bench for women and
people of color are crucial steps toward more diverse courts.

Advocates for judicial diversity should also push for reforms to minimize the role of
money in judicial elections, which can be a barrier for candidates of color. North
Carolina saw on its appellate courts after o�ering public
�nancing to candidates who quali�ed by raising small contributions. Additionally, those
with a role in deciding which judges are appointed or con�rmed to the bench must be

to make diversifying the courts a top priority.

These steps are necessary if courts are to re�ect the nation’s rich diversity. And a more
diverse judiciary is an important step toward a more just and equal America.

Michele L. Jawando is the Vice President for Legal Progress at the Center for American
Progress. Allie Anderson is a former intern at Legal Progress and is currently a senior at
the University of Virginia.

1/1/22, 5:03 PM Racial and Gender Diversity Sorely Lacking in America’s Courts – Center for American Progress

https://www.americanprogress.org/article/racial-and-gender-diversity-sorely-lacking-in-americas-courts/ 4/5

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A U T H O R S Michele L. Jawando
Vice President

Allie Anderson

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