IT security and technology Landscape
Information technology has introduced new concepts of meeting organizational objectives, these concepts use automated technologies that facilitate the analysis of information to develop better and conclusive decisions. Moreover, the same concepts enhance risk management by providing factual results that facilitate users to make better future decisions. However, information technology stands as an important asset on its own and will face various problems, more so, security threats and vulnerabilities. These threats will stem from illegal access as propagated by intruders who use these assets to further their illicit courses. Moreover, the threats are also caused by system vulnerabilities which are caused by user ignorance or by developer’s faults (Stoneburner, Goguen, & Feringa, 2002). This report highlights IT security as witnessed in different settings of the digital world. In fact, a detailed analysis is given on the security concepts of technology and the threats/risk it faces.
Technology landscape: from the inception of information technology, the industry has always envisioned on transformative operational architecture by continuously shifting the landscape of information access. In essence, this shift has continuously moved IT infrastructure from mainframe system (architectures) to client/server systems (OCLC, 2010). In the past, this was achieved by personalised computers which were served by mainframe systems accessed using client/server applications. However, the modern technological landscape sees’ direct access to information where portable devices use different units of Softwares to access data, the so called apps. Therefore, irrespective of the industry or field, the technology landscape seems to acquire a common pattern where the end users, who lack technical ICT knowledge, are at liberty to access extensive technological systems. This outcome raises many security challenges as outlined below.
Fig: Technology landscape and IT security
To assess the threats facing the modern landscape of technology, one must demystify the elements of IT. For one, there are three main elements, hardware, software and the users.
Hardware threats: In 2011 Dell, a computer system manufacturer, announced to the world that its servers had been attacked by powerful malicious malware. This attack was unique in nature as it affected a critical aspect of technology, the motherboard system. This malicious software had embedded itself into the flash memory of the servers used in the company. Now, in the past, such attacks were only done on the firmware (application) and were easy to manage, however, this attack singled a new threat that affected physical components (Dehigaspege, et al., 2016).
Software: most of the security threats experienced today are focused on firmware elements where malicious codes infect devices and alter their operation modes. This outcome is further intensified today because of the internet which provides endless connections that intruders can use to attack (Liao, 2011). Furthermore, the advances in software development have increased the content of information available today which makes it difficult to manage the IT infrastructure.
Threats and vulnerabilities
Users: The main culprits of the security problems facing IT and the technology landscape. Consider the end users, who have good intention with technology but are naïve to use sub-standard security measures. Their minimal security efforts facilitate intruders which increase the security problems. Intruders, on the other hand, adapt to security models in order fulfil their objectives (PTAC, 2011).
There are various approaches that are used to mitigate security threats in technology and most of them rely on protecting the user’s information, lets highlights a few of them.
- Cryptography– IT is all about information access and processing. Cryptography is a security tool that secures information and communication in general. This mitigation technique will use negotiation protocols to verify the users of ICT systems, this will include authenticating and authorising the users. Furthermore, it will encrypt data in transit to avoid illegal access by intruders(Smart, 2002).
- Hardware security– comprising of firewalls, access control and intrusion detection systems (Host and network). These techniques monitor, assess and manage IT components to mitigate attacks before they happen. In essence, they are pro-active mitigation systems that direct and regulate the flow of information(CDN, 2012).
- Policies– consider the PCI/DSS standard (payment card industry data security) that outlines the necessary security procedures for organizations handling credit card technologies. Such policies ensure the basic security feature of IT are implemented(HSE, 2014).
- First, users’ data is secured which facilitates the execution of daily activities.
- Secondly, organizations minimise the losses experienced due to system interruptions and recovery.
- Thirdly, they promote technological systems to users which also facilitates innovation.
Despite the security measures put in place, they can never assure users of complete protection from the threats facing IT. Risk assessment outlines a process of evaluating and identifying vulnerabilities facing systems. This assessment also identifies the consequences of security threats and provide recommendations based on the security programs outlined. Therefore, risk assessment is a process of identifying, implementing and managing effective countermeasures to security problems (Jenkins, 1998). The diagram below outline the process used to perform IT security assessments.
Fig: IT security assessment
In the past, computer users could verify applications before installation as they were provided by verified sources using recognised administrators. This verification process is no longer available today owing to the degree of connectivity where users can readily acquire Software packages online which raises the security threats experienced. Moreover, the threats experienced affect all devices and systems used in IT as outlined below:
Network threats– this category of threats affect the access infrastructure of information technology, they interfere with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. They include flood attacks, DoS (denial of service) and man-in the middle attack:
Flood attacks will jam traffic in the channels of communication by sending high volumes of unnecessary information/data. The same approach is used to conduct DoS where processors, storage and networks are bombarded with unnecessary information thus denying legitimate users access to content. Man in the middle attack is propagated by intruders who eavesdrop on connections and in the process alter the content of the information (Gharibi & Mirza, 2011).
Malware threats –propagated by black hats, malware are illicit codes developed to interfere with the operation of verified Softwares. They can harvest information or interfere with access, a proponent of DOS. Several malware types exist, for instance, adwarewhich exists as short advert programs that consistently pop up in browsers and application connected online. This malware can be used to track users and acquire their confidential information. Ransomware, malicious codes that hold computers and applications hostage while the users are demanded to pay ransoms, this programs restrict users from accessing information. Trojan horse, the most famous and common of them all. This malware pretends or disguises itself a legitimate program while conducting its illicit actions. Moreover, it will also disguise itself to facilitate its installation in users machines (Dupal, 2014).
Mitigating the risks
Most of the threats identified above depend on the vulnerabilities existing in computer systems. For instance, unprotected network nodes/ports and ignorant users who fail to protect their assets using the necessary security procedures. In other instances, the users will be tricked while using legitimate service applications e.g, phishing attacks that duplicate emails and website so that users can provide their confidential information (Pearsoned, 2012). Therefore, the mitigation procedures will use the assessment made, as highlighted before to establish the necessary security procedures such as:
- Firewalls– security elements that will monitor network traffic (incoming and outgoing) to regulate its access. This security feature has for a long time been used as the first line of defence in computer systems.
- Access control– matching policies that restrict access to IT assets based on pre-defined conditions. They are variable when guarding against attacks as they only allow access to legitimate users and traffic.
- Intrusion detection systems (IDS) – IDS can either be physical devices or software packages that monitor system and networks for unauthorised activities. When identified, these systems will report to the necessary authority which helps mitigate attacks. Moreover, they provide an accurate record of system vulnerabilities.
- d. Anti-virus– software packages that detect, prevent and remove malware intrusions. However, their effectiveness depends on the users’ application strategy as they require regular updates to keep up with new forms of attack(Golchha, Deshmukh, & Lunia, 2014).
- Operational efficiency– minimal interruptions are caused by attacks which boost productivity.
- Cost efficiency– with minimal attacks, the users spend little resources on developing new solutions.
- Innovation– users gain confidence in users who are motivated to develop new IT systems such as software packages (CDN, 2012).
Conclusion
In the analysis given above, a broad view of the security issues facing IT has been given starting from the technological landscape seen today. Moreover, the immediate threats facing IT have also been given, while having a greater emphasis on the most common forms of attacks/threats. In all, a common trend is highlighted, that of user vulnerabilities as most threats are fuelled by user negligence or lack of information. Furthermore, the mitigation techniques highlighted have outlined the importance of using multiple control measures as none is guaranteed. Therefore, IT security is a factor of time and the resources available. The users should implement effective security strategies that are regularly revised and updated to keep up with the time. Through this model, the security aspect of information technology will be maintained within reasonable terms as complete protection is not guaranteed.
References
CDN. (2012). Hardware based security . Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/searchSecurity/downloads/0321434838_Ch16.pdf.
Dehigaspege, l., Hamy, U., Shehan, H., Dissanayake, S., Dangalla, H., Wijewantha, W., & Dhammearatchi, D. (2016). Secure Authentication: Defending Social Networks from Cyber Attacks Using Voice Recognition. ijsrp, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.scribd.com/document/330395895/ijsrp-p5820-pdf.
Dupal, N. (2014). Common Malware Types: Cybersecurity 101. Veracode, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.veracode.com/blog/2012/10/common-malware-types-cybersecurity-101.
Gharibi, W., & Mirza, A. (2011). Security Risks and Modern Cyber Security technologies for corporate networks. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, REtrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1105/1105.2002.pdf.
Golchha, P., Deshmukh, P., & Lunia, P. (2014). A Review on network security threats and solutions. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.ijser.in/archives/v3i4/IJSER1567.pdf.
HSE. (2014). Information Technology (I.T.) Security policy. HSE, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/Publications/pp/ict/Information_Security_Policy.pdf.
Jenkins, B. (1998). Security risk analysis and management. Countermeasures, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.nr.no/~abie/RA_by_Jenkins.pdf.
Liao, C. (2011). Security threats from hardware. Retrieved 24 AUgust, 2017, from: https://www.cs.rochester.edu/~sandhya/csc256/seminars/chao_malware.pdf.
OCLC. (2010). Technology Landscape. Major trends, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/reports/escan/downloads/technology.pdf.
Pearsoned. (2012). Security Risks and Threats. Chapter 2, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/samplechapter/0321349946.pdf.
PTAC. (2011). Data Security: Top Threats to Data Protection. Privacy technical assistance center, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://ptac.ed.gov/sites/default/files/issue-brief-threats-to-your-data.pdf.
Smart, N. (2002). Cryptography: An Introduction. Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: https://www.cs.umd.edu/~waa/414-F11/IntroToCrypto.pdf.
Stoneburner, G., Goguen, A., & Feringa, A. (2002). Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems . National institute of standard technology, Retrieved 24 August, 2017, from: .
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