Powerpoint Presentation 12 slides
Instructions
Before beginning work on this assignment, please review the expanded grading rubric for specific instructions relating to content and formatting.
For your final assignment, develop a PowerPoint presentation that clearly highlights your case. Draw from all that you have built upon throughout the five previous weeks. Include:
· A summary of your case with critiques
· Ethical and legal ramifications (be thorough)
· An assessment of both sides of the argument in your case
· Recommendations for change
· Evaluation of how you will use this information in the future
At the end of your presentation, relate your case to your overall interpretation of the concepts learned in this course. Evaluate how the subject matter of this course affects your interests for further study in ethics and law. Cite any sources you used in the last slide of the presentation in APA format.
To support your work, use your course and textbook readings and also use the South University Online Library. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.
Submission Detail
· Complete your PowerPoint presentation in 10–12 slides with comprehensive explanations in the notes pages of the presentation.
· Submit your documents to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.
Ethical and Legal Considerations and Covid-19
Angelica F Davis
South University Online
HCM3004 Ethics and Law for Administrators
Week 2 Project
Professor Sherri Spencer
5/11/2020
Ethical and Legal Considerations and Covid-19
Previous Resource Allocation Ethical Considerations
As COVID-19 response create financial pressures in hospitals, the ethics of proper resource planning take a central position. Any hospital management aims are to allocate resources fairly, but unfortunately, determination of what is “fair” is an issue of debate. The need for healthcare services surpasses affordable provision by health care systems across the world, making resource allocation considerations vital. Resource allocation becomes an ethical issue, as its application involves matters of justice (Emmanuel et al., 2020). It is in every stakeholder’s interest to apply ethical decision making in every situation as it shows consideration for the interest of those affected by the decisions.
The increasing number of COVID-19 patients is also increasing the number of patients who need intensive care and ventilator support. When the number of patients who require care exceeds the provisioned capacity of healthcare systems, health care professionals will face a legal dilemma of healthcare rationing. Doctors in the United States could be charged in courts for rationing health care. Treating every patient is a matter of ethics and law, even where survival chances appear uncertain (Emmanuel et al., 2020). However, in a pandemic situation, health care professionals could consider applying the principles behind triage and prioritize patient care to those who have the highest odds of surviving. The questions to answer are; what is fair resource allocation? Is healthcare rationing justifiable?
Ethics of Random Allocation
The COVID-19 pandemic is resulting in an unprecedented demand for health care, particularly critical care. The increase in demand is forcing health care providers to change staffing models raising the ethical concern of placing some staff in unfamiliar fields. Health care facilities are creating specialized roles such as ‘intubating teams’ and other personnel being relocated from clinical specialties in other departments to the acute care setting. Health care professionals are placed to deliver interventions in care settings that pose a significant risk of contracting COVID-19. The risk is high in acute care as critically ill patients carry the most concentrated particles.
In a pandemic scenario, the question of whether the ‘obligation to treat’ is enough consideration to require health care professionals to discharge their duties even when doing so presents a considerable risk of harm to them. To the obligation to treat, health care providers must be flexible as it may require them to work in locations outside their regular practice. The necessity for redeployment or harm avoided must be analysed carefully and communicated clearly to those affected by the changes (Mannelli, 2020). A prioritization exercise is ethically essential because it is likely to impact patient care in other areas not related to COVID-19. Health care planners should answer two questions; do health care professionals have a duty to treat COVID-19 patients? Does the obligation to treat override the safety of health care workers?
Ethics of Decision and Priority Resource Access
Investments in health care systems aim to reduce or eliminate public health risks. However, some health risks are more significant than others, and resource allocation must respond to these risks. The process of resource allocation may also determine who faces the risk. The efficiency brought about by resource allocation is not only of economic importance but also of ethical importance. A more efficient health care system means it can deliver more health care benefits per dollar invested compared to the less efficient system (Emmanuel et al., 2020). First responders and health care workers in a pandemic can justifiably be prioritized when allocating resources because of their contribution to the entire process of fighting the health pandemic.
Although the principle of first come, first served is primarily applicable in allocating health care resources, the principle may not be appropriate in a pandemic scenario. In practice, it is highly likely to allocate more resources to the most vulnerable populations (Mannelli, 2020). When administering vaccines, younger populations who might be at the lowest risk should have low priority, but if they become sick, then the situation changes. Balancing utility and the principle of priority should be considered. Providing resources to the benefit of many people may sometimes exclude those at the highest risk. Two fundamental questions in this aspect are; should priority be given to the worst of the population? And, what costs are essential in cost-effectiveness analysis?
Running Head: LAW AND ETHICS IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC 1
LAW AND ETHICS IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC 4
References
Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of … (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMsb2005114?listPDF=true
Judson, K. Law & Ethics for Health Professions. [South University]. Retrieved from
https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781260064261/
‘Whose life to save? Scarce resources allocation in the … (n.d.). Retrieved from https://jme.bmj.com/content/medethics/early/2020/04/09/medethics-2020-106227.full
Law and Ethics in COVID-19 Pandemic
Angelica F Davis
South University Online
HCM3004 Ethics and Law for Administrators
Week 1 Project
Professor Sherri Spencer
Running Head: LAW AND ETHICS IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC 1
5/3/2020
Health Care Ethics and Covid-19
Previous Resource Allocation Ethics
Different ethical frameworks allocate resources during pandemics (Hübner et al., 2020). These frameworks are useful in guiding the present health situation of COVID-19. However, the application of ethical frameworks should take into consideration the pandemic stage, health care resource type, and context of the health care system. Should the allocating resources for COVID -19 utilize previous frameworks for control of influenza pandemics is an ethical question that needs clarification? The reason for exploring the application of ethical principles and allocation of resources in COVID-19 is due to the various contextual circumstances and decisions required in resource allocation for different pandemics. For instance, COVID-19 is known to have significant implications on those aged beyond sixty years, an essential characteristic for prioritizing the COVID-19 resource allocation.
The legal framework governing resource allocation in COVID-19 includes the obligation of hospitals in the provision of health care to everyone needing their services, which is dependent on illness severity (DePergola, 2020). For instance, the NRW, section two of the hospital design act, stipulates the health care worker’s obligation in the treatment of patients. Additionally, hospitals are also under the obligation to complete treatment on their patients following the obligation contract for monopolistic positions on individual case circumstances. Also, according to section 7 of MBO-A, individual doctors are legally obligated to treat ill individuals during emergencies.
Ethics of Random Allocation
LAW AND ETHICS IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC 5
The ethical and legal considerations for medical countermeasures consisting of personal protective equipment and therapeutics may be different. Therefore exploring the different values
and principles that apply for PPE, vaccines, and therapeutics should help in justifying their use in the control of the COVID -19 pandemic (Hübner et al., 2020). For instance, the discovery of an effective and safe vaccine should prioritize its application within populations at the highest risk and health care workers. The ethical question that needs clarification is whether utilization of random allocation is justified with limited medical resources in a given group assuming the recipients receive equal benefits within that group. However, the allocation of resources may be different from the use of ventilators, with some individuals receiving more benefits than others.
In circumstances where the needs of patients affected with Covid-19 exceeds that of the available scarce resources, conflict of duty, and emergency is justified (DePergola, 2020). For instance, with the spread of COVID-19 in many countries, the intensive care patient population is likely to exceed the in-patient care at various hospitals. Therefore, in emergencies where medical practitioners sacrifice the life of an individual for the benefit of the other person may lead to the death of one due to withdrawing ventilation. Hence killing a person by omission presents legal implications stipulated in section 212 of the criminal code.
Ethics of Decision and Priority Resource Access
The principles of equality, utility, and risk are useful in deciding individuals that need high priority for the access of limited resources (Hübner et al., 2020). The equality principle states that every individual should receive equal treatment unless there is enough evidence to justify differential resource prioritization. Also, an individual’s characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, race, should not serve as the foundation for differential resource allocation. The utility principle justifies resource allocation according to the provision of benefits and the ability to cause no harm. The reason for exploring principles of risk, utility, and equality is necessary for understanding population, which requires urgent allocation of scarce resources. For instance, in case of short supply of vaccines and PPE for COVID-19 pandemic, presents an ethical question for health care workers and individuals with severe illness.
For the successful treatment of COVID -19 patients, the decisive criteria recommendations include comorbidities, disease severity, and general state of patients (DePergola, 2020). However, in cases where there is a shortage of funds, doctors take into consideration the age, cost-effectiveness, social contribution, and medical criteria. The general, equal treatment implemented by the central ethics committee rules out age differentiation; however, two legal aspects need sufficient explanation. For instance, regulations prohibiting the unequal treatment of individuals on account of disability, race, and ethnicity needs additional clarification as stipulated under section 33c of social code. Also, regulations on unequal treatment due to age require further amendments to cater for equal treatment
References
DePergola, P. A. (2020). Ethical Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).
Hübner, J., Schewe, D. M., Katalinic, A., & Frielitz, F. S. (2020). Legal Issues of Resource Allocation in the COVID-19 Pandemic-Between Utilitarianism and Life Value Indifference.
Running head: ETHICS AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 1
ETHICS AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 8
Ethics in COVID-19 Pandemic and Legal Considerations
Angelica F Davis
South University Online
HCM3004 Ethics and Law for Administrators
Week 3, Project
Professor Sherri Spencer
5/17/2020
There have been many strategies that have been in place to carter for how resources have been allocated for the needed response in times of pandemics. The COVID-19 answers the have been used in the counter for the epidemic have had the drawback that has resulted in the hospital having to undergo pressure financially. In such cases, the ethical problems need to be checked in the best manner by the application and the utilization of the best in terms of planning for the resources. (Emanuel, et al. 2020). Such is in line with the resources getting to be allocated to the people in the best manner following all the legal in addition to the ethical considerations which have been in place to carter for such within times of pandemics.
The strategies that have been used in the allocation for the resources have been utilized and formed an essential part in the distribution of the resources there need to be put into a book within a time when there is a pandemic. Goals within the health care systems are to be capable of allocating resources in the best and most fair manner. However, having the chance to get a determination of whatever can be described, to be honest, has been many issues that have led to the rise in many debates. Arguments have neem emerging whereby people have disagreed with the meaning of the fair value in the intent of such. There has been the need for all health care facilities within the globe to be capable of allocating resources to the needy, which is affordable in the case of health care provision systems. In this case, resource allocation among all has been rendered to form a vital ground.
Questions have come up within the resource allocation in the COVID-19 pandemics on whether the strategies which have been applied in the resent state can use tactics that have been implemented within the previous epidemics. Such arguments have formed ethical platforms that need to be highlighted and review to get the test feedback in terms of such. Reasons which have been linked to resource allocation in addition to the need for an exploration of the activities and the issues within the resource allocation in the pandemic for COVID- 19. There is, therefore, a need that requires diverse frameworks in decision-making platforms for allocating resources during the pandemic period. An example of such is the case where the present pandemic COVID- 19 has been observed to have diverse and various effects on older people, starting from the ages of 36. In this case, a prioritized aspect is needed for the allocation of the resources .in the problem which is in line with resources allocation all the shareholders are interested with having the opportunity to apply the best decision which is ethical within any situation whereby consideration will have more impact on the affected parties.
The governing structures which assist in the resource allocation on the pandemic are inclusive of responsibilities that the hospitals are faced within the healthcare provision for all the people who have been affected by the problem. Services are needed, which are dependent upon; however, the pandemic has become. There has been an increase in the number of people who have been affected by the epidemic. In this case, the number of people in need of ventilators has been on the rise in addition to the people who are in intensive care. Under such, there have also been legal aspects; there have necessitated hospitals to be capable of thoroughly undertaking healthcare treatment for the patients.
With the rise in the number of patients within the healthcare facilities, the experts in the facilities are faced with dilemmas that are related to healthcare rationing. Such can lead to the suing of doctors. Countries such as the United States can sue a doctor for healthcare rationalizing. (Emanuel, et al. 2020). He is need for all patients to be treated in the best manner as well as observing ethical issues in addition to consideration in the laws; however, the cases in place. Additionally, there have been contracts within health facilities which have stated the need for responsibilities for the treatment of a patient within a system whereby deals such as the monopolistic locations come in. Also, ethical consideration has noted that doctors are obligated to treat patients in times of emergencies.
In terms of ethical responsibilities, doctors are obligated by law in times of a pandemic to treat all patients because such is a moral aspect; however, a case whereby survival remains uncertain. Yet within the pandemic situations, there is a need for experts in healthcare systems to undertake considerations of application of the principle in addition to prioritizing the care for the patients who have a better chance for survival. Some of the arguments which come up are in line with issues such as fair resource allocation and health care rationing, which are justifiable.
Ethical considerations, in addition to the legal review within the countermeasures, which are made up of individual tools within the system, can be different. The demand for healthcare in the aspects of the services within the present pandemic situation has been resulting in the increases. The spotlight can be in light on the critical; care needed for the issues in place. The demand has made issues within the acre facilities to later the ways and channels used by the experts in the raising of the concerned, which are ethical. (Hübner, et al. 2020). Under such placing employees within fields which they cannot perform well since they are unfamiliar with such. Health care experts have been made prone to many risks, such as getting affected by the disease. Such levels of the threat have been stated to be vital for the most affected patients who carry most particles that transmit the disease.
Within facilities that are associated with health care facilities, there is a need for the exploration of diverse values and some costs; there can be in line with issues such as vaccines. These can assist the use of such drugs in times when the control for the pandemic has become necessary. In this case, when the experts find a vaccine that can be gauged to be effective in the treatment of the disease. In this issue, the vaccine will need to prioritize the application of the vaccine within the people who are at the highest risk levels. Ethical considerations within such are the aspects which are in line with the question which states what utilization inn the random allocation which is made legal in the regulated care resources which have been allocated to the people who have been affected. Under such an instance, there is a consideration that all the sick will be awarded the vaccine on an equal basis. However, resource allocation, which is in line with the ventilator, can be deemed to be different and contrasting, whereby some people might have the hence to get more benefits as compared to others.
In the instance when an expert has been faced with a pandemic, there is a need for the experts to issue treatment to the people who need the services even in the case when the issue has the people who are associate with the actions getting to be placed under high-risk levels. However, under circumstances that are related to pandemics, the need the sick will require to have a satisfaction opportunity will be more there are the resources allocated. (Mannelli, 2020). Experts will be faced with duty conflicts. The responsibility to offer treatment for the sick needs to be capable of changing, whereby there is a need for the experts to be capable of undertaking their working within locations that are outside their working environments. The people who will be exposed to the changes, and the changes will have an impact on the lives need to be made aware of the coming changes within their location of expertise. Also, there is a need for the best analysis of the risk and harm underway within such cases. Ethically such an exercise is vital since there is a likelihood for the patients to be affected within the care in place whereby there is a connection to the COVID- 19 pandemics. Within such, there is a need for answers to statements like; what is the obligation to treat have on the affected in terms of healthcare to the employed staff. Is there a duty which is connected to a healthcare professional (DePergola, 2020)?
The addition in the numbers of the people infected by the COVID 19 pandemics has been on the rise. Many countries have expected elevations in numbers of the sick, whereby the intensive care population within the facilities will be on the increase in the care within the hospital where they are located—hence situating which lead to the medical experts having the choice to sacrifice lives of the individuals whereby the benefit will be on the person connected. Such can cause death if a ventilator has been withdrawn under such circumstances; the person whose ventilator has been removed losses their life. This case will put the experts under legal issues, which will need to be checked as stipulated by section 212 within the codes for criminal offenses.
Within the health care systems, the goals in the investments that have been instituted in the order have been in line with the elimination of all risks present within the public platforms. There have been principles within the system that have assisted in making the network adhere to the best. Such are the likes of the values of equality, in addition to risk which haves formed a significant grasp in getting to the nest decisions that the people require in terms of their priorities which have been put forward in the case of the resources being limited and their need for the people to have access to such. The risks within the healthcare system are made possible to be eliminated since there is the presence of many investments in place. However, from this perspective, one of the risks within the care system can be deduced to form significant impacts in comparison to others. Under these instances. (Mannelli,2020). Resource allocation has the utmost importance and needs to keep in line with adherence to the risks in place.
Decisions which are in place for the resource access needs to experiment equality when the people are being issued with the resources within the facilities. There is need for all the people in the facilities to get the best treatment which is fair to all unless their presence for enough evidence which can make space for contrasts on the concepts of resource prioritizations and allocation.in addition where there is allocation of resource to individuals, there is need for the givers to allocate the resources overlooking issues relating to the ethnicity, race gender or any other aspect which can lead to the emergence in the differentiation among the individual in need of the services for care in a health facility.
Justifications also live with resource allocation whereby the associate parties need to understand issues relating to provision there are in line with the benefits and the chance for the absence of harm in the services. (DePergola, 2020). Under such an instance, an individual need to understand concepts related to the population, whereby resource allocation is of utmost importance. Under such an example can be stated to be present within the present pandemic, whereby there can be a short supply of the vaccines for the pandemic. Such will outline an ethical need for health care experts.
The ideas within resource allocation are determinants of the people who are prone to risk. There is the efficiency that comes along with resource allocation. In such a case then, there is the probability of an opportunity that will bring about impotence within the economics platforms in addition to ethical crucially of the facts. Having a better system within healthcare will mean that the system has presented the best in terms of the care. Within the pandemic, there is a need for experts to respond in the best way. With such, the experts can be allocated more priority in the allocation of the resources. This is an attribute to the inputs which the experts had into the person as well as the contributions which the workers in the care sector performed in the fight for the health crisis.
In the intent to get the best decision when there is a need for allocation of services, doctors will be mandated to put into consideration issues such as the cost, age brackets for the people in need, the criteria applicable in the medical platforms. Getting an equal treatment for all the sick has been made possible by the ethics committee. (Hübner, et al. 2020). Also, there have been issues that have been stated to need clarification, such as unequal treatment for people who are about the race as well as ethnic requests. As well as regulations in line with such topics as unequal care given such as the age need amendment will help to look after the treatment from a balanced perspective.
Within the allocation of resources, a primary concept has been used, which is in line with the first come first serve protocols. There is a higher likability to allocate resources within the population which are most affected. In the case of a disease, giving the vaccines is assign to the younger people, which in turn will help in getting to understand the level of risks. Getting liable within the utility, in addition to prioritization, needs consideration. (Mannelli, 2020).
References
DePergola, P. A. (2020). Ethical Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).
Hübner, J., Schewe, D. M., Katalinic, A., & Frielitz, F. S. (2020). Legal Issues of Resource Allocation in the COVID-19 Pandemic-Between Utilitarianism and Life Value Indifference.
Emanuel, E. J., Persad, G., Upshur, R., Thome, B., Parker, M., Glickman, A., … Phillips, J. P. (2020). Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. doi: 10.1056/nejmsb2005114
Mannelli, C. (2020). Whose life to save? Scarce resources allocation in the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Medical Ethics. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106227