APAformat xOutlineBIOLAB BSC2011LLiteratureReviewFinalPaperInstructions21 LiteratureReviewTopic x
Essential oils and bacteria
Article Review
Using Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree oil) is effective against staphylococcus aureus. Mentha × piperita (Peppermint oil) has effective antibacterial properties, or prevents the spread of the bacteria against bacillus cereus. staphylococcus aureus and bacillus aureus are both bacterias. Melaleuca alternifolia(Tea tree oil) and Mentha × piperita(Peppermint oil) are essential oils and can be used for different purposes. These oils are effective against foodborne pathogens. Food borne pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemicals, and other agents. Peppermint oil and tea tree oil, will have an antibacterial effect on these pathogens and can reduce foodborne illnesses.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most foodborne pathogenic bacteria. It can be located in air, water, and food. (Liu et al.2020). Staphylococcus has about 50 species and is known as a highly resistant bacteria. Also known as “queen of resistance.” (BOSIOC et al. 2020). Bacillus cereus can be found in soil, plants, and air. It can also be found in insect and human gut microbiomes. (Premkrishnan et al. 2021). Bacillus Gram is positive and has a small-rod shape.(Premkrishnan et al. 2021). Both of these bacterias are very pathogenic and can be lethal to humans. Staphylococcus aureus can cause serious infections, staph infections are not serious most of the time but that doesn’t mean they can be. Bacillus cereus can also cause serious infections and comes from the spoilage, contamination, and can appear in raw and processed foods.
Tea tree oil comes from an Australian native plant called Melaleuca alternifolia. This oil has been used for a long time in Australia. (Hammer et al. 2008). Tea tree is used worldwide and used commonly as a topical treatment antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. Tea tree oil is most commonly known to treat acne, fungus, and even bites from insects. (Hammer et al. 2008). Peppermint oil is considered an aromatic oil. Peppermint oil possesses monoterpene compounds. It also has L-menthol. (Alammar et al. 2019). Peppermint oil is commonly used as a topical relief suchs as itching from allergic reactions and headaches. It can be even used to treat irritable bowel syndrome.
There is research shown that tea tree oil can percent the spread of Staphylococcus aureus, which were added to the wells of a 96-well plate and incubated for 24h at 378C to form mature biofilms.(Liu et al, 2020). Bacterial suspensions without the essential oils were used as positive controls, and wells with no essential oils and without the bacterial suspensions were the blank controls. The level of live bacteria was determined with a tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after treatment (33). (Liu et al, 2020). Tea tree essential oil against S. aureus biofilm was 82.07 and 83.49%. The essential oils had the same concentrations, tea tree oil had a big difference on the inhibitory effect on the S. aureus. (Liu et al, 2020). Tea tree oil made Staphylococcus aureus very sensitive. (Bosioc et al, 2020). Tea tree oil made a difference in the spread and reduction of Staphylococcus aureus.
Bacillus cereus can be found in feces or vomit in humans. (Alammar, 2019). Peppermint oil has antibacterial properties with pathogens in food. Bacillus cereus is one of those pathogens and peppermint oil can be used to treat pathogens in our packaged food. (Alammar, 2019). Bacillus cereus is a food borne pathogen and if this bacteria is found in food. The bacteria can be harmful to humans and it is toxic. (Alammar, 2019). The bactericidal properties of the peppermint oil were confirmed by Rusenova and Parvanov [34]; diameters of growth inhibition zones measured for Bacillus licheniformis reached 18 and 27.4 mm, respectively. (Berthold-Pluta et al, 2019). The peppermint oil resistance was measured and it did help with the reduction of the bacteria, this can be a way to help reduce bacteria growth by
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus are both bacterias that are foodborne pathogens (Silva et al, 2013). Main cause of food poisoning is bacteria which is infectious and toxic to humans.( Dawoud et al, 2020). Bacillus cereus can cause diarrhea and vomiting. Bacillus cereus is more common in food than Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus can be found in humans. (Premkrishnan et al, 2021). Both of these bacterias are in common foods that are eaten every day such as meat, rice, milk, and fish. A lot of common foodborne illnesses are Norovirus, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria.
Mentha × piperita (Peppermint oil) and (Tea tree oil) can both be useful for food borne pathogens. These pathogens are harmful if they are consumed and will cause humans illnesses. These essential oils are a natural way to keep us safe and get rid of staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus.
Reference
Alammar, N., Wang, L., Saberi, B., Nanavati, J., Holtmann, G., Shinohara, R. T., & Mullin, G. E. (2019). The impact of peppermint oil on the irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis of the pooled clinical data. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19 doi:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1186/s12906-018-2409-0
This article discusses peppermint oil and how bacillus cereus can cause irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). They demonstrate that peppermint oil can be used as an alleviation for IBS since bacillus cereus can cause IBS. I found this article to be useful because most of what was experimented was bacillus cereus and the use of peppermint oil. It does not discuss tea tree oil or bacillus. It also does not discuss the antibacterial film or properties of the oils. This article was about a clinical experiment to test what would be effective for people that have IBS.
Berthold-Pluta, A., Stasiak-Różańska, L., Pluta, A., & Garbowska, M. (2019). Antibacterial activities of plant-derived compounds and essential oils against 0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2cronobacter1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2 strains. European Food Research and Technology = Zeitschrift Für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und -Forschung.A, 245(5), 1137-1147. doi:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00217-018-3218-x
This journal article discusses essential oils and where they are from and what they can be used for. The essential oils were tested on food bacteria and how using essential oils can reduce bacteria in food that we eat. I found this article to be useful because essential oils were tested for antibacterial activities against food. Peppermint oils was one of the tested oils to see how effective its properties are. This article did not discuss tea tree oil, staphylococcus aureus or bacillus cereus.
Crandall, H., Kapusta, A., Killpack, J., Heyrend, C., Nilsson, K., Dickey, M., Daly, J. A., Ampofo, K., Pavia, A. T., Mulvey, M. A., Yandell, M., Hulten, K. G., & Blaschke, A. J. (2020). Clinical and molecular epidemiology of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection in Utah children; continued dominance of MSSA over MRSA. PLoS ONE, 15(9), 1–14.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.023
8991
This is a primary journal written by people in the department of Infectious Disease and pediatric. This source discusses staphylococcus and the effect it can have on children. It does not discuss essential oil however, they discuss the issue of staphylococcus. This source is helpful to know how staphylococcus affects human skin but does not discuss antibacterial treatment for staphylococcus.
Dawoud, E. E., Gihan Mohammed, E. M., & Hala, N. F. (2020). STUDIES ON SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AS ANTIMICROBIALS AND FOOD PRESERVATIVES. The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 9(4), 790. doi:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.4.790-798
This journal article discussed the effect of essential oils against bacteria that are toxic. They tested the essential oils as a natural food preservative which is a safe option to keep food free of bacteria. This article was useful because it tested peppermint oil and tea tree oil against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus as a foodborne pathogen. I found this article to be useful since the article had a focus on bacterias that are foodborne pathogens. Essential oils like peppermint and tea tree were used for the test.
Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (2008). Frequencies of resistance to melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and rifampicin in staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and enterococcus faecalis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 32(2), 170-173. doi:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.03.013
This is a journal article that discusses tea tree oil against staphylococcus aureus. This article discussed the background of tea tree oil and was tested with staphylococcus aureus. There are different strains of staphylococcus aureus and tea tree oil was tested against each of the strains. This article was useful because it discussed tea tree oil and the antimicrobial effects against staphylococcus aureus.
LeBel, G., Vaillancourt, K., Bercier, P., & Grenier, D. (2019). Antibacterial activity against porcine respiratory bacterial pathogens and in vitro biocompatibility of essential oils. Archives of Microbiology, 201(6), 833-840. doi:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00203-019-01655-7
This is a peer review article that discusses the antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. This article was useful for the topics such as essential oils and how effective they are towards certain pathogens that were used. It did discuss tea tree oil and peppermint oil. It also discussed biofilm killings. This was a useful article because this article illustrates the oils and their antibacterial activity/killings. This research also used these oils against staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus.
LIU, T., WANG, J., GONG, X., WU, X., LIU, L., & CHI, F. (2020). Rosemary and Tea Tree Essential Oils Exert Antibiofilm Activities In Vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection, 83(7), 1261–1267.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-337
This is a primary journal written by people from a college with a background in engineering and food science. This journal is related to my topics since both bacteria that I chose are in food that we eat and get packaged. The authors discuss tea tree oil against staphylococcus aureus. This was an article that was useful to have evidence that tea tree oil is effective for staphylococcus aureus
Premkrishnan, B. N. V., Heinle, C. E., Uchida, A., Purbojati, R. W., Kushwaha, K. K., Putra, A., Santhi, P. S., Khoo, B. W. Y., Wong, A., Vettath, V. K., Drautz-Moses, D. I., Junqueira, A. C. M., & Schuster, S. C. (2021). The genomic characterisation and comparison of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from indoor air. Gut Pathogens, 13(1), 1–10.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1186/s13099-021-00399-4
This is a journal article that was written by life science engineers. This article discussed where bacillus cereus can be located and how it affects humans. This article was useful because it does explain how the bacteria can be harmful. It also discusses bacillus cereus antibacterial resistance. This article focuses one the gene characteristics of bacillus cereus.
Silva, N., Alves, S., Goncalves, A., Amaral, J. S., & Poeta, P. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants against several foodborne and spoilage bacteria. Food Science and Technology International, 19(6), 503-510. doi:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/1082013212442198
This article discusses foodborne bacteria and essential oils that were used against foodborne bacteria. This study suggests that using essential oils can be a natural way to get rid of bacteria that can be found in food. This article was useful because it used tea tree oil as an essential and staphylococcus aureus bacteria as a foodborne pathogen. It also discussed bacillus as a foodborne bacteria but not peppermint oil.
Literature Review 1
Literature Review
Mansimran Gill
6130826
BSC2011L U05
3/15/2021
Daniel Leon
Literature Review 2
Topic: Using Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree oil) is effective against
staphylococcus aureus.
Mentha × piperita (Peppermint oil) has effective antibacterial properties against
bacillus cereus.
Introduction: staphylococcus aureus and bacillus aureus are both bacterias. Melaleuca
alternifolia(Tea tree oil) and Mentha × piperita(Peppermint oil) are essential oils and can be used
for different purposes. However, these essential oils can be useful for specific bacterias.
I. Background information: Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus Cereus
A. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most foodborne pathogenic bacteria. It can be located in
air, water, and food. (Liu et al.
2020).
B. Staphylococcus has about 50 species and is known as a highly resistant bacteria. Also known
as “queen of resistance.” (BOSIOC et al. 2020)
C. Bacillus cereus can be found in soil, plants, and air. It can also be found in insect and human
gut microbiomes. (Premkrishnan et al. 2021)
D. Bacillus Gram is positive and has a small-rod shape.(Premkrishnan et al. 2021)
II. Background information: Tea tree and peppermint oil
A. Tea tree oil comes from an Australian native plant called Melaleuca alternifolia. This oil has
been used for a long time in Australia. (Hammer et al. 2008)
B. Tea tree is used worldwide and used commonly as a topical treatment antimicrobial and
anti-inflammatory agent. (Hammer et al. 2008)
C. Peppermint oil is considered an aromatic oil.
D. Peppermint oil possesses monoterpene compounds. It also has L-menthol.( Alammar et al.
2019).
Literature Review 3
III. Tea tree Antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus
aureus
A. Staphylococcus aureus were added to the wells of a 96-well plate and incubated for 24h at
378C to form mature biofilms.(Liu et
al, 2020).
B. Bacterial suspensions without the essential oils were used as positive controls, and wells with
no essential oils and without the bacterial suspensions were the blank controls. The level of live
bacteria was determined with a tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after treatment (33). (Liu et al,
2020).
C. TEO against S. aureus biofilm was 82.07 and 83.49%. At the same EO concentrations, tea tree
oil had a big difference on the inhibitory effect on the S. aureus. (Liu et al, 2020).
D. Tea tree oil made Staphylococcus aureus very sensitive. ( Bosioc et al, 2020).
IV. Peppermint resistance against Bacillus cereus.
A. Bacillus cereus can be found in feces or vomit in humans.
(Alammar, 2019)
B. Peppermint oil has antibacterial properties with pathogens in food. Bacillus cereus is one of
those pathogens and peppermint oil can be used to treat pathogens in our packaged food.
(Alammar, 2019)
C. Bacillus cereus is a food borne pathogen and if this bacteria is found in food. It is toxic to
humans. (Alammar, 2019)
Literature Review 4
D. The bactericidal properties of the peppermint oil were confirmed by Rusenova and Parvanov
[34]; diameters of growth inhibition zones measured for Bacillus licheniformis reached 18 and
27.4 mm, respectively. (Berthold-Pluta et al, 2019).
V. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus food borne pathogens
A. Main cause of food poisoning is bacteria which is infectious and toxic to humans.( Dawoud et
al, 2020).
B. Bacillus cereus is more common in food than Staphylococcus aureus
C. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus can be found in humans. (Premkrishnan et al,
2021).
D. Both of these bacteria are foodborne pathogens (Silva et al, 2013)
VI. Conclusion:
Mentha × piperita (Peppermint oil) and (Tea tree oil) can both be useful for food borne
pathogens which can make us sick. These essential oils are a natural way to keep us safe and get
rid of staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus.
Literature Review 5
Annotated Bibliography
LIU, T., WANG, J., GONG, X., WU, X., LIU, L., & CHI, F. (2020). Rosemary and Tea Tree
Essential Oils Exert Antibiofilm Activities In Vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection, 83(7), 1261–1267.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-337
This is a primary journal written by people from a college with a background in engineering and
food science. This journal is related to my topics since both bacteria that I chose are in food that
we eat and get packaged. The authors discuss tea tree oil against staphylococcus aureus. This
was an article that was useful to have evidence that tea tree oil is effective for staphylococcus
aureus
Crandall, H., Kapusta, A., Killpack, J., Heyrend, C., Nilsson, K., Dickey, M., Daly, J. A.,
Ampofo, K., Pavia, A. T., Mulvey, M. A., Yandell, M., Hulten, K. G., & Blaschke, A. J. (2020).
Clinical and molecular epidemiology of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection in Utah
children; continued dominance of MSSA over MRSA. PLoS ONE, 15(9), 1–14.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0238991
This is a primary journal written by people in the department of Infectious Disease and
pediatric. This source discusses staphylococcus and the effect it can have on children. It does not
discuss essential oil however, they discuss the issue of
staphylococcus.
This source is helpful to
know how staphylococcus affects human skin but does not discuss antibacterial treatment for
staphylococcus.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-337
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0238991
Literature Review 6
LeBel, G., Vaillancourt, K., Bercier, P., & Grenier, D. (2019). Antibacterial activity against
porcine respiratory bacterial pathogens and in vitro biocompatibility of essential oils. Archives of
Microbiology, 201(6), 833-840.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00203-019-01655-7
This is a peer review article that discusses the antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens.
This article was useful for the topics such as essential oils and how effective they are towards
certain pathogens that were used. It did discuss tea tree oil and peppermint oil. It also discussed
biofilm killings. This was a useful article because this article illustrates the oils and their
antibacterial activity/killings. This research also used these oils against staphylococcus aureus
and bacillus cereus.
Premkrishnan, B. N. V., Heinle, C. E., Uchida, A., Purbojati, R. W., Kushwaha, K. K., Putra, A.,
Santhi, P. S., Khoo, B. W. Y., Wong, A., Vettath, V. K., Drautz-Moses, D. I., Junqueira, A. C. M.,
& Schuster, S. C. (2021). The genomic characterisation and comparison of Bacillus cereus
strains isolated from indoor air. Gut Pathogens, 13(1), 1–10.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1186/s13099-021-00399-4
This is a journal article that was written by life science engineers. This article discussed where
bacillus cereus can be located and how it affects humans. This article was useful because it does
explain how the bacteria can be harmful. It also discusses bacillus cereus antibacterial resistance.
This article focuses one the gene characteristics of bacillus cereus.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00203-019-01655-7
https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1186/s13099-021-00399-4
Literature Review 7
Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (2008). Frequencies of resistance to melaleuca
alternifolia (tea tree) oil and rifampicin in staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis
and enterococcus faecalis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 32(2), 170-173.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.03.013
This is a journal article that discusses tea tree oil against staphylococcus aureus. This article
discussed the background of tea tree oil and was tested with staphylococcus aureus. There are
different strains of staphylococcus aureus and tea tree oil was tested against each of the strains.
This article was useful because it discussed tea tree oil and the antimicrobial effects against
staphylococcus aureus.
Alammar, N., Wang, L., Saberi, B., Nanavati, J., Holtmann, G., Shinohara, R. T., & Mullin, G. E.
(2019). The impact of peppermint oil on the irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis of the
pooled clinical data. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1186/s12906-018-2409-0
This article discusses peppermint oil and how bacillus cereus can cause irritable bowel
syndrome(IBS). They demonstrate that peppermint oil can be used as an alleviation for IBS
since bacillus cereus can cause IBS. I found this article to be useful because most of what was
experimented was bacillus cereus and the use of peppermint oil. It does not discuss tea tree oil or
bacillus. It also does not discuss the antibacterial film or properties of the oils. This article was
about a clinical experiment to test what would be effective for people that have IBS.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.03.013
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1186/s12906-018-2409-0
Literature Review 8
Silva, N., Alves, S., Goncalves, A., Amaral, J. S., & Poeta, P. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of
essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants against several foodborne and spoilage
bacteria. Food Science and Technology International, 19(6), 503-510.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/1082013212442198
This article discusses foodborne bacteria and essential oils that were used against foodborne
bacteria. This study suggests that using essential oils can be a natural way to get rid of bacteria
that can be found in food. This article was useful because it used tea tree oil as an essential and
staphylococcus aureus bacteria as a foodborne pathogen. It also discussed bacillus as a
foodborne bacteria but not peppermint oil.
Berthold-Pluta, A., Stasiak-Różańska, L., Pluta, A., & Garbowska, M. (2019). Antibacterial
activities of plant-derived compounds and essential oils against
0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2cronobacter1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2 strains. European Food
Research and Technology = Zeitschrift Für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und -Forschung.A,
245(5), 1137-1147. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00217-018-3218-x
This journal article discusses essential oils and where they are from and what they can be used
for. The essential oils were tested on food bacteria and how using essential oils can reduce
bacteria in food that we eat. I found this article to be useful because essential oils were tested for
antibacterial activities against food. Peppermint oils was one of the tested oils to see how
effective its properties are. This article did not discuss tea tree oil, staphylococcus aureus or
bacillus cereus.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/1082013212442198
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s00217-018-3218-x
Literature Review 9
Synthesis of D-limonene loaded polymeric nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial properties
for potential application in food packaging. (2021). Nanomaterials, 11(1), 191.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.3390/nano11010191
This article discusses the antimicrobial properties of essential oil in food packages. Essential oils
were tested on food to see how effective each oil was against certain packaged food. There was
an experiment that determined the antimicrobial properties. Several essential oils were tested.
This article was useful since the experiment used the essential oils in food packaging that we eat
daily. This study shows the most effective way to get rid of bacteria using essential oils. Food
will not be harmful with chemicals that are being used.
Dawoud, E. E., Gihan Mohammed, E. M., & Hala, N. F. (2020). STUDIES ON SOME PLANT
EXTRACTS AS ANTIMICROBIALS AND FOOD PRESERVATIVES. The Journal of
Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 9(4), 790.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.4.790-798
This journal article discussed the effect of essential oils against bacteria that are toxic. They
tested the essential oils as a natural food preservative which is a safe option to keep food free of
bacteria. This article was useful because it tested peppermint oil and tea tree oil against Bacillus
cereus and Staphylococcus aureus as a foodborne pathogen. I found this article to be useful since
the article had a focus on bacterias that are foodborne pathogens. Essential oils like peppermint
and tea tree were used for the test.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.3390/nano11010191
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.4.790-798
Literature Review Instructions
General Guidelines:
● 5 pages (this does NOT include the cover page or the annotated bibliography).
○ If you go a little over 5 pages, that’s okay.
● Use APA format for your paper. Below are websites to help you write an APA paper. Note: you
do not need to have an abstract for your paper.
○ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/
○ http://www.easybib.com/guides/students/writing-guide/iv-write/a-formatting/apa-paper-f
ormatting/
● Double spaced
● Font size 12
○ Times New Roman
● 1 inch margins
● Number your pages
● Please have a cover page with your name, BSC2011L, your section, TA name, date, and title of
your paper.
○ Make sure to include the scientific names as well as the common names of your
organisms.
■ Make sure to capitalize and italicize the Genus names and italicize the species
names on your cover page and throughout your paper.
■ Ex. Correct: Homo sapiens or H. sapiens (after first mention).
Incorrect: Homo sapiens, homo sapiens, Homo Sapiens, Homo Sapiens,
homo sapiens, etc.
● You are basically converting your outline into paragraph form and adding more detail to make
your 5 page paper.
● Remember that paragraphs are generally 5-8 sentences. Do NOT make a paragraph a whole page
long! Break it up.
● If you’re going to include a picture in your literature review, that’s fine. But the pictures must go
on a separate page at the end of the paper and should be labeled as “Figure X. Title.” Any figures
added need to be referred to in the text. Do NOT place the figures within your 5 pages of writing.
○ Ex. You could have a figure called “Figure 1. Angiosperm Life Cycle” and in the text
when you need to refer to the figure you may write “According to the life cycle of the
flower, it goes from being…as in Figure 1.”
● Make sure you cite everything that you paraphrase.
○ Every source that is in your annotated bibliography should be cited at least twice in your
actual paper.
■ In-text citations should (generally) be as follows: (Author’s Last Name, Year).
● If there are 2 authors, cite as: (Last Name 1 and Last Name 2, Year).
● If there are more than 2 authors, cite as (Author’s Last Name et al., Year).
● There are NO QUOTES ALLOWED! Everything must be paraphrased!
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/
http://www.easybib.com/guides/students/writing-guide/iv-write/a-formatting/apa-paper-formatting/
http://www.easybib.com/guides/students/writing-guide/iv-write/a-formatting/apa-paper-formatting/
● If you have taken this class before, you CANNOT resubmit the same paper! You will need to
pick another topic.
● Make sure that you use the right forms of theirs, there’s, its, it’s, etc.
● Make sure that everything is organized and that it flows. Don’t jump around in what you are
talking about.
● Remember, this is not an essay paper. It’s a RESEARCH paper you did on your organisms so
you will not be using the words “I” or “you” anywhere in the paper (aside from the annotations).
Annotated Bibliography:
● APA style
● Make sure sure have a minimum of 10 references, 5 of which MUST be journals. The other 5 can
be more journals and/or books, textbooks, articles.
● NO WEBPAGES ALLOWED!
○ The only exception to this is if you sent the link to your TA for approval beforehand.
● NO ENCYCLOPEDIAS/WIKIPEDIA ALLOWED!
● NO JOURNAL ARTICLES FROM THE FOLLOWING DATABASES ARE ALLOWED:
○ Encyclopedia of Life Sciences via Wiley Interscience
● References must be listed alphabetically by primary author’s last name.
● Don’t number or bullet your references
● If a citation runs on multiple lines make sure the second and third line, etc. are indented.
● Are the annotations done correctly? They should be a paragraph long. You are NOT supposed to
summarize the source (that would be an abstract). In an annotation, you should answer the
following questions:
○ Critique the source/author
○ How is the source relevant to your paper?
○ How are you incorporating the source into your paper?
● Your TA should easily be able to match your references in your in-text citations with your
annotated bibliography.
LiteratureReview Topic
Overview
As part of your course curriculum, you have to write a literature review dealing with antibiotic resistance and the
use of essential oils as an alternative antimicrobial agent. You will pick 2 types of bacteria and 2 types of
essential oils for your paper.
Examples of Literature Review Topics. You should NOT pick one of these. They are just to give you
ideas:
● The use of Almond oil and Laurel oil to treat infections by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.
● How Teatree and mint oils help with dysbiosis of the skin.
●A comparative study of the effects of Teatree and eucalyptus oil on the growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus
subtilis.
LITERATURE REVIEW TOPIC
● Worth 2.5% of your final grade in the class.
● See schedule on Canvas for due date.
● Your topic should be typed.
o You must write 2-3 sentences explaining what your topic will be focusing on and your
rationale for choosing this topic. Make sure to include both the common name (ex.
Tea tree) and the scientific name (ex. Melaleuca alternifolia) for the 2 oils of your
choice. Bacteria are almost always referred to by their full scientific name, so make
sure it is always italicized!
o You must include 5 abstracts from 5 peer reviewed or primary journal articles.
o You do NOT have to write your own abstract. You are only meant to include the
abstracts from the sources that you find related to your topic.
o Make sure that the screenshot of each abstract clearly displays the title of the article,
journal name, author names, and the abstract itself.
● Your topic must be approved by your TA before you can proceed with the other components
of the Literature Review (outline, paper).
Example of Screenshots: see next page
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Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
