Assignment 2.2 (A2.2) Chapter Two:Literature Review This chapter continues with your (literature) review of your topic. Many of you will be using this chapter and chapter one to “answer” your RQ1. so basically you answer the first question in the propos

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Degree:

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Media Arts

Undergraduate Dissertation

Title:

Demerits of Plastic Surgery

Abstract

Plastic surgeries have become part of many individuals’ beauty living standards. Thus, plastic surgeries have been developed and helped by restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body by performing surgery. After that, cosmetic surgery formed and is classified as a branch of plastic surgery. Nowadays, many people are going under the knife for the sake of appearances, having one or more cosmetic surgery.

The research aims to show how plastic surgeries affected individuals and the world. Moreover, to display the factors that played a role in making plastic surgeries desirable such as social media and the high risks on health and society associated with cosmetic surgeries. The research will also discuss four cases of individuals who had cosmetic surgeries and how it impacted their life in a bad way. As more and more people have cosmetic surgeries, this research will serve as a tool to raise the knowledge of cosmetic surgeries’ negative impacts on an individual and global scale. It will also give convincing evidence based on facts and statistics of why people shouldn’t do cosmetic surgeries. This research will get to the root of the problem and thus serve to solve it as if you acknowledge a problem and work to fix it.

Thesis Issue

Plastic surgeries have a lot of great impacts which has also affected people who undergo this process negatively. It is reported that over 89% of people who consider plastic surgery are either unaware or have wrong information about plastic surgeries. The majority of these people are not well informed on the side effects that accompany plastic surgery. People are not concerned with carrying out research or significant information about plastic surgery. On the other hand, the plastic surgery experts are concerned with how they can have many clients to the extent of not providing preliminary information on the risks that come along with the desired results. Over 70% of plastic surgery clinics do not have pieces of equipment for emergency cases. Most of these clinics offer contractual services to experts to maximize their gains (Sung-wook and Ki-hwan 2013). Plastic surgery often causes physiological, social phobia, depression, and several plastic surgery-related disorders (Sansone & Sansone 2007). This research aims to inform about plastic surgery, demerits of plastic surgery, and a brief understanding of cosmetic surgery.

Keywords

Plastic surgery, Cosmetic surgery, Demerits, Clinics

Aim

The Demerits of Plastic Surgery

Objectives

i. To review the health risks associated with plastic surgeries.

ii. To review the economic effect of Plastic surgeries on individuals and the world.

Thesis Development

Plastic surgery is a procedure performed on a human’s body to repair a body part damaged by an occurrence. It concerns tissues or skin repair. It is aimed at restoring tissue or skin functions to normalcy. The secondary function of plastic surgery is to improve body appearance.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Overview – Plastic surgery

Plastic surgery was initially mentioned between 3000 and 2500 BC in a medical reference from Egypt. India was able to perform plastic related surgery techniques by 800 BC. By the 6th Century, a physician called Sushruta came up with an outstanding technique that had a positive contribution to plastic surgery. After Carpue took over 19 years studying about plastic surgeries in India, he was able to do his first outstanding surgery in 1815. It was the first case in the Western world. The Romans who were at the most superior leaders in technology and medicine were able to do the simplest plastic surgery operations in 1st Century BC. They did ear repairs as their first technique.

The Roman religion could not allow them to do human or animal dissections. Heinrich came up with a repair process to restore a broken nose or make one in an instance where the nose is entirely unviable in mid of the 15th Century. The nose restoration process was done by removing some of the skin on the arm’s back and setting it for the nose. It was an uncommon process because of the associated risks of the face and the pain endured in the process since there was no anaesthesia. It was until the 19th and 20th centuries when nose readers became very common.

1.1 Background of Research

Sir Harold Gillies is considered the man who brought a turnaround in plastic surgery in the modern Century. He is often referred to as the father of Plastic surgery. His motivation was to help soldiers whose faces were deformed due to blasts and facial injuries in WW1. His progress began with a facial injury ward and grew to a facial repair hospital in 1917. Gillies and his working team came up with several techniques that saw over 10000 operations. More than 5000 were soldiers who had gunshot injuries that resulted in facial damage. Gillies ran a private initiative to promote his facial repairs after the WW1. He became committed to plastic surgery in 1930 when his cousin joined him in his work.

The actual excelling team was split up when WW2 broke out. This WW2 saw Gillies, Tommy, and Mowlem all go to different camps. McIndoe, who was a consultant, went to Sussex and founded Plastic surgery and Jaw Surgery centre.

McIndoe went ahead to develop critical techniques for faces ad hands that got burned. He also recognized the significance of rehabilitating casualties.

1.2 Research Significance

Plastic surgery has played an important role because of the impact it has had on those that have seen their facial damages restored. The other significant factor is how the social rehabilitation surrounding this process and techniques have helped several casualties get back to the normal lives. This research seeks to inform on the negative impacts or risks associated with plastic surgery and the economic impact of these surgeries. This research will help people to make considerable choices based on the outlined risks. People will also know the various types of plastic surgeries currently and the average cost of plastic surgery.

1.3 Objectives

When people are informed of the advantages, risks, and costs, the plastic surgery practice will see tremendous growth and improvements based on what the clients require. If the risks are more, it will force the industry to develop non-risky techniques to help clients. Without highlighting these risks, the industry will carry on with it, considering better plastic surgery techniques that are less harmful.

1.4 Research Questions

i. When can plastic surgery apply?

ii. How available is plastic surgery?

iii. What Plastic surgery techniques are there?

iv. What risks do plastic surgery have?

1.5 Problem Statement

Plastic surgeries have seen a rise over the past years, especially the 20th Century. Faced with facial damages, several people have adopted the facial repair technique to keep their faces glowing with beauty allowing them to get to their normal activities without feeling that other people are overlooking them for special tasks because of how they look. There are various groups of people who consider plastic surgery, not for repairs, but beauty factors. Some feel that their facial appearances are not appealing and discover that plastic surgery can add to their facial appearance. With numerous skills and expertise coupled with the rising technology, plastic surgery has had a dramatic growth which has also brought numerous facial catastrophes and suffering amongst the clients.

There are numerous risks involved in plastic surgery. These risks make up this research to inform the people, especially the young people who are currently considering plastic surgery to boost their looks. Although plastic surgery is a considerable choice, it comes with various risks that must be addressed to consider other better choices. Today, there are so many clinics that offer plastic surgery services, yet they lack emergency services. This is a scenario that if clients understand, then they will be able to make informed choices.

1.6 Justification

Some researches have been done concerning the dangers of plastic surgery. The title is WARNING: COSMETIC SURGERY KILLS. It details how it kills and gives a few examples of people who have succumbed due to plastic surgery-related complications. This research is only based on cosmetic research. It, therefore, does not give many details on how plastic surgery complications are risky. It is in this research that people will get more than what meets the eye in their decisions.

1.7 Scope

This research studies plastic surgery and the risks that are involved when one undergoes this operation. There are those cases that require the operation while there are those that can be handled with other techniques, or otherwise, the casualty is supposed to live that way to avoid the associated risks. The scope of this research is limited to the area of plastic surgery risks.

The research methodology in this research is a Case study. This research studies the cases resulting from plastic research suing available data and conclusions to make deductions and evaluations that help clients in their future dealings regarding plastic surgery. The data collection is by observing the trends since 3000 BC to the modern age plastic surgery techniques.

1.8 Dissertation

When can plastic surgery apply?

Plastic surgery is used in cases where tissue or skin repair is required. Damages to the skin or tissue may result from injuries that vary in nature or where a cancer tissue is removed. There are other cases where there are abnormalities from birth. These abnormalities are cleft lip and palate. There are also webbed fingers and birthmarks. Plastic surgery helps casualties have self-esteem and a better view of self.

How available is plastic surgery?

There are those reconstructive surgeries that are offered freely. Availability varies in different places often determined by clinical commissioning groups. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually carried out free of charge on the NHS. But availability varies around the country and is determined by local clinical commissioning groups (CCGs). Most casualties are referred to as NHS. One can also be fined Plastic surgery in private clinics registered to offer plastic surgery, but the cost is quite high. It is a great decision to talk to a specialist before any consultation for the operation is taken. Various available specialists can offer the best options and decide if referrals are necessary.

What Plastic surgery techniques are there?

The existing plastic surgery techniques are:

i. Skin grafts: a healthy skin or an area that has not been damaged is removed. This skin is used to repair lost or damaged skin.

ii. Skin flap surgery: a body tissue is taken to another part of the body. The transferred tissue has blood vessels and still alive.

iii. Tissue expansion: it involves stretching tissues to make the body grow more skin. The extra skin can be used to repair a damaged area.

What risks do plastic surgery have?

i. Medical Risks

Plastic surgery is associated with dangerous medical side effects and complications which result in death. The most common complications include:

1. Hematoma

This is a complication that results from the facelift. It is a collection of blood in the operated area. It causes more damage by affecting the surrounding tissues if it is not treated urgently. The treatment is by another operation to drain the blood.

2. Seroma

It occurs when serum accumulates under the skin surface. It results in swelling and causes pain. A needle drains them.

3. Blood loss

Plastic surgery leads to blood loss. Excessive loss of blood can lead to unbalanced blood pressure. It comes with deadly results.

4. Infection

Skin infection occurs when plastic surgery. An infection can be internal. Sometimes it is severe. Severe infections require intravenous (IV) treatment.

5. Nerve damage

Plastic surgery may lead to the damaging of the nerves. The signs are the body becomes numb and tingling.

6. Organ damage

Plastic surgeries can result in perforations. If the internal organs are probed, it may require another surgery.

7. Scarring

Plastic surgery brings scars. The scars are always troubling.

8. Appearance dissatisfaction

It is possible to be disappointed with the plastic surgery outcomes.

9. Complications of anaesthesia

Anaesthesia is making a casualty unconscious. The procedure causes the patient to be operated on without feeling any pain. This technique causes often causes serious complications such as lung infection, heart attacks, or death.

ii. Appearance

Plastic surgery results in scars. The scars are red and thick. These scars do not fade, which is not easy to hide. Some issues make the skin sag. The results of plastic surgery are not always what the client wants.

iii. Cost

The cost of plastic surgery is high. The average cost of plastic surgery is around $139 for a single operation. The high cost which was recorded was the lower body lift. The cost was listed as $7,976. Other costs are involved, such as hospital fees and related medical costs.

iv. Addiction

There are numerous addictions, especially substance use. It is also possible to find people who get addicted to plastic surgery. Anyone with low self-esteem will find facial procedures addictive. Addiction makes a person correct even the smallest laws.

Cosmetic surgery

It focuses on enhancing appearances. It is involved with techniques that seek to transform the casualty’s appearance.

Cosmetic Surgery Operations:

a) Breast Enhancement

b) Facial Contouring

c) Facial Rejuvenation

d) Body Contouring

e) Skin Rejuvenation

Analysis and evaluation of relevant sources

Purpose and intended audience

The sources cited in this research are for providing information. It also advocates for better or other means to persuade casualties to consider other options for bettering their appearances and facial damages. This research’s audience is the general public for those young ones born with abnormalities and those that get injuries while working or injuries caused by natural calamities. It also addresses those that would want to increase the looks and appearances.

Accuracy and reliability

This is a well-researched paper with references and in-text citations. The information in this paper can be verified from other sources.

Individual cases of Plastic and cosmetic surgery

Adianet Galván aged 30 at the time had procured a plastic surgery procedure called Brazilian Butt Lift. It was done at the New Life Surgery centre. The doctor who did the procedure had convinced her mother that it would be in and Adianet would be safe after the procedure. It was unfortunate that Adianet was confirmed to be brain dead. It was decided that she be disconnected. It was June 04, 2018. Adianet’s death was because of the surgery. Her vein was perforated, leading to the complication. Another case is that of Evita Nicole. She was 29 when she died. She met her death at the operating table. She was also getting a Bazilian Butt lift. Kimberley Taylor, who was aged 53 when she died met her death after two surgeries. Taylor had been injected with anaesthesia making her unconscious during the procedure. She stopped breathing during the operation and got a cardiac arrest. She was placed on life support, but she could not make it. She died after ten days. A 61-year-old patient Sharon Carpenter died in August 2010. This was after a prolonged surgery after she went unresponsive. She had paid $100,000.

1.9 New Developments

There are numerous upcoming plastic surgeries, but people should take caution knowing that the surgery table can link to one’s death. There are other avenues that people can use to achieve the desired appearances without having to do plastic surgery. People should also learn to be confident in the way they appear.

Reference