I only need partial help on this assigment. I only need help with Excersice 3 and 4.
LaterGenus Homo May 4 Exercise Sheet
EXERCISE 1: Cranial Bones: identify the bones in the following image
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
EXERCISE 2: Label the craniometric points below on this skull: see definitions below-
Vertex (V) the uppermost point on the cranium when it is in the Frankfort Plane
Opisthocranion (Op) the most posterior point on the skull not on the occipital protuberance
Basion (Ba) the midpoint of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
Orale (Or) the centered point on the hard palate if you draw a line across the curves behind the two medial
incisors
Staphylion (St) the centered point on the back of the hard palate if you draw a line across the curves in the
posterior margin of the palate
Superior Border of the Eye: the highest point on the inside of the eye socket
Second Molar based on the 2-1-2-3 dental pattern
1 5
2 6
3 7
4
NOW: measure and calculate the Palatal Index: Measure the distance between the second molars in
millimeters, then divide by the distance between Staphylion and Orale (width of the palate divided by
the length of the palate) Multiply that by 100, and this is your Palatal Index: _____________________
EXERCISE 3: Compare these images of a skull with the material at the following links.
Link 1: http://www.efossils.org/page/compant
Link 2: http://www.efossils.org/page/compant
Link 3: http://www.efossils.org/page/compant
Which genus and species does the skull belong to, and please name 2 specific bones and their morphology
and/or craniometric points that are unique to this skulls genus and species to support your identification.
EXERCISE 4:
Compare these images of a skull with the material at the following links.
Link 1: http://www.efossils.org/page/compant
Link 2: http://www.efossils.org/page/compant
Link 3: http://www.efossils.org/page/compant
Which genus and species does the skull belong to, and please name 2 specific bones and their morphology
and/or craniometric points that are unique to this skulls genus and species to support your identification.
EXERCISE 4: Modern Human Variation
Please answer the following questions: (reference: Lab Manual chapter 8-“Modern Human Variation”)
1) Which of these individuals demonstrates “Allen’s Rule” and how?
2) Which of the following geographical areas is home to people with the darkest skin colors, and why is
this adaptation present in these populations (in other words, what is the advantage to a lot of
melanin in the skin?) East Asia, Central Africa, Northern Europe, or Eastern North America?
3) Define hypoxia, explain why hypoxia is common at high altitudes, and name the gene and the
source of that gene that helps Tibetans live at high altitudes.
4) Complete the following exercise:
May 4 Answer Sheet
Exercise 1:
1. Parietal bone.
2. Sphenoid bone.
3. Temporal bone.
4. Occipital bone.
5. Lacrimal bone.
6. Zygomatic bone.
7. Mandible.
8. Nasal Bone.
9. Maxilla.
10. Lambdoidal suture.
Exercise 2:
1. Vertex.
2. Opisthocranion.
3. Basion.
4. Orale.
5. Staphylion.
6. Superior border of the eye.
7. Second Molar.
Palatal Index: Width/Length x 100=
Exercise 3:
Genus and species:
Supporting Bones and/or craniometric points:
Exercise 4:
Genus and species: Homo sepien.
Supporting Bones and/or craniometric points: Small orthognathic faces, small brow ridges, small font and back teeth and a small chin on the front of the mandible. The cranial shape was tall and rounded with a vertical forehead, and a large cranial capacity (averaging at least 1.350 cc),
Exercise 5:
1) People with darker skin colors demonstrate “Allen’s Rule” which recognizes that elongated shape has a larger surface area and when applied to limb proportions suggests that elongate limbs are well adapted to hot climates because of the greater surface area. Having an increased amount of surface area allows for greater venting of body heat.
2) Central Africa is home to people with darkest skin colors. Having darker skin provides greatest protection from ultraviolet radiation. Over generations populations who live in this area have adapted by producing more melanin. Melanin is a pigment which gives skin its brownish color. The more melanin, the darker the skin color, therefore, the more protection against the sun’s UV rays.
3) Hypoxia is a condition where you can’t take in enough oxygen required to meet the metabolic needs of your body.
4) Based on what I know about the evolution forces behind human variation is that those who had a mutation that helped them metabolize alcohol faster were naturally selected over those who could not metabolize it as fast. Since the East Asian population have a culture of consuming the fermented rice drinks, those who could metabolize it faster survived better (due to metabolic advantages) as compared to those who could not metabolize it fast but consumed the same amount of fermented drink.
Since the people with the mutation had better survival than the ones without the mutation, more offspring will be added to the population from the parents having the mutation. Thus, this mutated allele common in East Asian regions. Also, to talk about the relationship between rice cultivation and this mutated gene, it is evident that more the rice cultivation will be there, more people will consume the fermented drink that will be produced from rice. And only those having the mutation will have better survival due to metabolic advantages. So, we can say that higher rice cultivation will result in increase in the allele frequency of the mutated gene; the people with no mutation will eventually die or may not be able to reproduce due to adverse effects of alcohol and this will result in reduction of normal allele frequency.
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