Use at least two articles on handling project conflict management. In this paper, identify the different styles you found in your research, and compare and contrast each style. Identify either low, medium, or high concerns for self and concern for others

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 Use at least two articles on handling project conflict management. In this paper, identify the different styles you found in your research, and compare and contrast each style. Identify either low, medium, or high concerns for self and concern for others in this paper. Also, include a synopsis of each article to include when appropriate for projects. Use APA format and cite your work. Your paper should be at least three pages in length and will include a title and reference page which are not included in the page count. 

Conductresearch using the CSU Online Library, and find at least two articles on handling project conflict management. In your paper, identify the different styles you found in your research, and compare and contrast each style. Identify either low, medium, or high for concern for self and concern for others in your paper. Also, include a synopsis of each article to include when appropriate for projects (see exhibit 13.11).

Use APA format and cite your work. Your paper should be at least three pages in length and will include a title and reference page which are not included in the page count.

Sources of Project Conflict

Some conflict on projects is useful; other conflict is destructive. Conflict over ideas on how to proceed with a project can lead to more creative approaches. Conflict over how to complete a project with a tight schedule can also be positive. Competition for ideas on how to best handle a project activity has the potential for generating more innovative and successful approaches and can be highly stimulating work. However, when conflict becomes personal, it can often become negative. These types of conflict need to be handled with care. A few typical sources of project conflict are shown in Exhibit 13.10. Generally, it is better to deal with conflict on projects promptly—or even proactively. Conflicts do not get better with time! This is especially true for projects with significant pressure to stay on schedule or on budget (in other words, many projects). Virtually all studies determine that relationship conflict can be detrimental to project team success. When people spend time and emotional energy arguing, they have less energy to work on the project.

Exhibit 13.10.

Also, when people have personal conflicts to the point where they really do not like each other, they often feel less committed to the project and to their team. Task conflict is a bit more complicated. A certain amount of task conflict can encourage people to consider alternative approaches and to better justify decisions. Up to that point, task conflict can be useful. However, beyond a certain point, when people spend a great deal of time arguing over task-type issues, it still takes away from the project team’s progress and camaraderie. The timing of task conflict can also make a difference on whether it helps or hurts the project. The best times to discuss different options are during the initiating stage, when high-level approaches are being decided, and during the planning stage, when more detailed decisions are being made. However, once the plans are made, a project team needs to be a bit more careful because prolonged discussions during the executing periods of the project can lead to schedule slippage and cost overruns.

Conflict Resolution Process and Styles

Once a project manager realizes a conflict exists, if it is a task conflict, he or she tries to utilize it to develop a better solution. If it is a relationship conflict, he or she tries to resolve it before it escalates. A project manager can use the six-step project conflict resolution process, making sure to pay attention both to the tasks and relationships needed at each step. Six-Step Project Conflict Resolution Process

1. Understand the conflict.

2. Agree on conflict resolution goals.

3. Identify causes of the conflict.

4. Identify potential solutions for the conflict.

5. Pick the desired conflict solution.

6. Implement the chosen solution.

First, what are the signs of the conflict? Is it specific to a certain stage in the project? Does each party in the conflict understand it the same way? If not, ask clarifying questions, summarize how the other person has stated the problem, and confirm that you have a common understanding. Next, ensure that all parties agree on what a successful conflict resolution would be. While there are often conflicting goals on projects, all stakeholders typically want useful deliverables on time and on budget. Use the project goals as a basis for what the solution needs to cover. Many conflicts have multiple causes, such as those shown in Exhibit 13.10. Identify potential causes and then verify which cause(s) are actually contributing to the conflict. The next step is to identify potential solutions to the conflict. This is clearly a time where creativity and trust are helpful. The fifth step is deciding how to resolve the conflict. There are five general styles for resolving project conflict, as depicted in Exhibit 13.11. The collaborative style is preferred for important decisions that require both parties to actively support the final decision. However, collaboration requires both parties to develop trust in each other and frequently takes longer than the other styles. Therefore, each style has its place in dealing with project conflicts. The final step is to implement the chosen solution. For a major conflict, this could be almost like a mini-project plan with activities identified and responsibility assigned. It is vital to include communication of the solution to all concerned parties.

13.11 STYLES OF HANDLING PROJECT CONFLICT

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CONTRIBUTION OF MICHAEL DEBAKEY IN SURGERY 2

CONTRIBUTION OF MICHAEL DEBAKEY IN SURGERY 2

Contribution of Michael E. DeBakey in the in the Thoracic Surgery

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Introduction

Michael DeBakey’s contributions and highlights have towered throughout the past half of the twentieth century. His immense contributions to vascular and cardiac surgery have made become one of the few surgeons with household recognition. Michael DeBakey was born in September 1908, in Lake Charles (Miller, 2019). He was the firstborn Shaker Morris and Raheehja DeBakey, Lebanese immigrants. After his school, he joined Tulane University for his college education. He gained enough credit at Tulane University to join a medical school. He received his B.S in 1930, M.D. in 1932, and M.S. in 1935. He later joined Tulane’s faculty after returning to the United States from his studies in France, Strasbourg, and Germany.

Contributions of Michael DeBakey

His first contribution was at 23 years while a student at Tulane invented a roller pump for blood transfusions that were later used in the first successful open-heart operation in the 1950s. The machine was used as the new heart-lung that maintained the patent’s vital functions while carrying surgery (Eads & Ikonomidis, 2014). The aid of this device helped DeBakey perform some of his first surgeries such as endarterectomies which helped in removing blood clots and plaque material from the arteries. In 1952, he performed the first successful operation on an aneurysm. The operation involved replacing an affected area of an artery with a graft from a cadaver artery. The following year he performed his first successful endarterectomy on a carotid artery. This procedure has prevented several patients from having devastating strokes.

In 1958, he advanced his aneurysm by using a Dacron patch instead of cadaver tissue to repair an artery after an endarterectomy operation. To date, the Dacron patch is used during the aneurysms operations to repair an aorta which before the advancement was challenging to operate (Miller, 2019). In 1963, DeBakey performed the first human coronary bypass successfully. Prior to this only, the operation was only carried on dogs, but while performing an endarterectomy that was difficult, DeBakey decided to use the coronary bypass to save the life of the patient.

In 1966, Dr. DeBakey became the first surgeon to use an implanted heart device which was a major development in artificial heart operation. He used a ventricular assist device (VAD) while operating and removed the device after the operation. Michael has performed over 60, 000 cardiovascular procedures and trained over a thousand students who now practice globally (Eads & Ikonomidis, 2014). The Michael E. DeBakey International Cardiovascular Surgical Society was founded to honor his training dedication on January 20th, 1977. The name was later renamed to Michael E. DeBakey International Surgical Society which aims at perpetuating his training, recognition, and scholarships.

In 1975, Michael DeBakey received funding from the federal government to establish the first National Heart and Blood Vessel Research and Demonstration. His previous recommendation of the development of highly specialized centers in various parts of the universe to treat wounded veterans contributed to the funding (Miller, 2019). He had later established the Cardiovascular Research and Training Center at The Methodist Hospital which had produced several multidisciplinary approaches to the same. All these successes contributed to the national government funding his work to research more on the heart.

He also significantly contributed to medical education through the introduction of the filming of procedures with overhead cameras. The filming helped the medical and surgeons to witness the unusual procedures at a close range and learn from them (Eads & Ikonomidis, 2014). The filming advanced to telemedicine in 1965, after a demonstration of open-heart surgery that was transmitted overseas by satellite. The operation was performed at the Methodist Hospital Houston and the medical staff that watched were in the hospital and university in Geneva.

Contribution as an Educator

In 1948, Dr. Michael DeBakey was accepted to become the chairman of the Department of Surgery in the newly established Baylor college in Houston. He contributed highly through the establishment of the school’s residency programs, especially in surgery. He became the college’s president in 1969 and served a ten-year tenure. He drove the school towards national and international commendation as one of the best medical schools in the United States. He established Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professionals which was a combined project of the Baylor and the Houston Independent School District (Miller, 2019). The school enabled students of the marginalized communities to access basic education that helped in the undergraduate program and later join medical schools. He became the chancellor in 1978 which he served until 1996, after becoming chancellor emeritus. His dedication is attributed to several buildings and organizations in the college. During his career, DeBakey wrote more than 1400 articles, chapters, and books that helped in heart and lung surgeries. Two of his best-selling article in the New York magazine is The Living Heart and The New Living Heart Diet. A popular book he co-authored includes The Living Heart Brand Name Shopper’s Guide.

Conclusion

Michael DeBakey who started his career at an early age blossomed in the late twentieth century a career that lasted for several years. His work transformed Cardiovascular surgery by pioneering some of the most operative procedures that save lives such as coronary bypass, aneurysm repair, and endarterectomy. His contribution in the education sector helped in raising medical education standards by transforming Baylor University College of Medicine into a premier medical center. The school has produced several generations of surgeons that work all over the world to save lives.

References

Miller, C. A. (2019). A Time for All Things: The Life of Michael E. DeBakey. The USA. Oxford University Press.

https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780190073947.001.0001/med-9780190073947

Eads, D., & Ikonomidis, J. S. (2014). Historical perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Michael E. DeBakey (1908-2008). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 147(4), 1123-1127.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.029

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