Anatomy lab - Paper Answers

see attached

Name

__________________________________

___________

Date _______________________________________________

Section _____________________________________________

The A

corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O

found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.

Ear and Equilibrium

PART A: Assessments

Complete the following statements:

The organs of static equilibrium are located within two expanded chambers within the vestibule called the

and the saccule. A

2. All of the balance organs are found within the bone of the skull. A1

3. Otoliths are small grains composed of

4. Sensory impulses travel from the organs of equilibrium to the brain on vestibular neurons of the

nerve. A1

5. The sensory organ of a semicircular duct lies within a small elevation called the . A1

6. The sensory organ within the ampulla of a semicircular duct is called a . A1

7. The of this sensory organ consists of a dome-shaped gelatinous cap. A1

8. The vestibular cortex in the of the brain processes awareness of body position and movement. A1

PART B: Tests of Equilibrium Assessments
1. Vision and equilibrium test results:

a. When the eyes are open, what sensory organs provide information needed to maintain equilibrium? A

b. When the eyes are closed, what sensory organs provide such information? A2

LABORATORY

ASSESSMENT

2. Romberg test results:

a. Record the test results in the following table: A

Conditions Maximal Movement (cm)

Back toward board, eyes open

Back toward board, eyes closed

Side toward board, eyes open

Side toward board, eyes closed

b. Did the test subject’s unsteadiness increase when the eyes were closed? What is the significance of

this observation? A2

c. Why would you expect a person with impairment of the organs of equilibrium to become more unsteady when the

eyes are closed? A2

3. Bárány test results:

a. Record the test results in the following table: A3

Position of Head Description of Eye Movements Time for Movement to Cease

Tilted 30° forward

Tilted 90° onto shoulder

Tilted forward, chin on chest

b. Summarize the results of this test. A3

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

What additional sensory information would you expect persons with impairment of organs of equilibrium to use to

supplement their relative lack of some sensory information? A2

________________________________________________________________________________________________

407

Name _____________________________________________

Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O

found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

37
Ear and Hearing

PART A: Assessments

1. Identify the features of the ear indicated in figures 37.9 and 37.10.

Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

8
7

3
2
1

FIGURE 37.9 Label the structures associated with the ear. A1

408

2. Label the structures indicated in the micrograph of the spiral organ in figure 37.11.

1
5
4
3
2

Stapes

Terms:

Cochlea

Oval window

Semicircular duct

Vestibule

Vestibulocochlear nerve

FIGURE 37.10 Identify the features indicated on this removable part of an ear model, using the terms

provided.

5
4
3
2

Endolymph

Perilymph

1
Terms:

Basilar

membrane

Cochlear duct

Hair cells

Scala tympani

Tectorial membrane

FIGURE 37.11 Label the structures associated with this spiral organ region of a cochlea, using the terms

provided. (400×). A1

409

PART B: Assessments

Number the following structures (1–9) to indicate their respective positions in relation to the pathway of the sound vibrations.

Assign number 1 to the most superficial portion of the outer ear. A2

Auricle (air vibrations within)

External acoustic meatus (air vibrations within)

Basilar membrane of spiral organ within cochlea

Hair cells of spiral organ

Incus

Malleus

Oval window

Stapes

Tympanic membrane

PART C: Assessments

Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space

provided. A1 A3

Column A Column B

a. Bony labyrinth

b. Cochlear duct

External acoustic meatus

d. Malleus

e. Membranous labyrinth

f. Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

g. Scala tympani

h. Scala vestibuli

i. Stapes

j. Tectorial membrane

k. Tympanic cavity

l. Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

1. Auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane

2. Air-filled space containing auditory ossicles within middle ear

3. Contacts hairs of hearing receptors

4. Leads from oval window to apex of cochlea and contains perilymph

5. S-shaped tube leading to tympanic membrane

6. Tube within cochlea containing spiral organ and endolymph

7. Cone-shaped, semitransparent membrane attached to malleus

8. Auditory ossicle attached to oval window

9. Chambers containing endolymph within bony labyrinth

10. Bony chambers of inner ear in temporal bone

11. Connects middle ear and pharynx

12. Extends from apex of cochlea to round window and contains perilymph

PART D: Assessments

1. Results of auditory acuity test: A4

Ear Tested Audible Distance (cm)

Right

Left

2. Results of sound localization test: A4

Actual Location Reported Location

Front of the head

Behind the head

Above the head

Right side of the head

Left side of the head

3. Results of experiments using tuning forks: A4

Test Left Ear (Normal or Impaired) Right Ear (Normal or Impaired)

Rinne

Weber

4. Summarize the results of the hearing tests you conducted on your laboratory partner. A4

Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________

Visual Tests and Demonstrations

PART A: Assessments

1. Visual acuity test results: A1

Eye Tested Acuity Values

Right eye

Right eye with glasses (if applicable)

Left eye

Left eye with glasses (if applicable)

2. Astigmatism test results: A1

Eye Tested Darker Lines

Right eye
Right eye with glasses (if applicable)
Left eye
Left eye with glasses (if applicable)

3. Accommodation test results: A1

Eye Tested Near Point (cm)

Right eye
Right eye with glasses (if applicable)
Left eye
Left eye with glasses (if applicable)

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O

found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

4. Color vision test results: A1

Males Females

Condition

Class
Number

Class
Percentage

Expected
Percentage

Class
Number
Class
Percentage
Expected
Percentage

Normal color
vision

93 99.6

Deficient red-
green color
vision

7 0.4

Protanopia
(lack red-
sensitive
cones)

less-frequent
type

Deuteranopia
(lack green-
sensitive
cones)

more-frequent
type

Complete the following:

a. What is meant by 20/70 vision? A2

b. What is meant by 20/10 vision? A2

c. What visual problem is created by astigmatism? A2

d. Why does the near point of accommodation often increase with age? A2

e. Describe the eye defect that causes color-deficient vision. A2

PART B: Assessments

1. Blind-spot results: A3

a. Right eye distance

b. Left eye distance

2. Complete the following:

a. Explain why an eye has a blind spot. A3

b. Describe the photopupillary reflex. A3

399

c. What difference did you note in the size of the pupils when one eye was exposed to bright light and the other eye was

shielded from the light? A3

d. Describe the accommodation pupillary reflex. A3

e. Describe the convergence reflex. A3

3. Summarize the vision of the person tested based upon the visual tests and demonstrations conducted in this laboratory

exercise. Include information on suspected structural defects, genetic disorders, and aging conditions. A4

NOTES

385

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

35
Eye Structure

PART A: Assessments

Identify the features of the eye indicated in figures 35.12 and 35.13. A1

2
7
3

Pupil

6
5
4
1

FIGURE 35.12 Label the structures in the sagittal section of the eye.

386

1
4

5
6
7
3

(contents)

___ Aqueous humor

___ Cornea

___ Iris

___ Lens

___ Optic nerve

___ Sclera/outer layer

___ Vitreous humor

FIGURE 35.13 Sagittal section of the eye (5×). Identify the numbered features by placing the correct numbers in the spaces

provided.

387

PART B: Assessments

Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided.

A1 A2

Column A Column B

a. Aqueous humor

b. Choroid

c. Ciliary muscles

d. Conjunctiva

e. Cornea

f. Iris

g. Lacrimal gland

h. Optic disc

i. Retina

j. Sclera

k. Suspensory ligament

l. Vitreous humor

1. Posterior five-sixths of middle (vascular) layer

2. White part of outer (fibrous) layer

3. Transparent anterior portion of outer layer

4. Inner lining of eyelid

5. Secretes tears

6. Fills posterior cavity of eye

7. Area where optic nerve exits

the eye

8. Smooth muscle that controls the pupil size and light entering the eye

9. Fills anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye

10. Contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones

11. Connects lens to ciliary body

12. Cause lens to change shape

Complete the following:

13. List the structures and fluids through which light passes as it travels from the cornea to the retina. A3

14. List three ways in which rods and cones differ in structure or function. A2 __________________________________

388

PART C: Assessments

Complete the following: A4

2
3
4
5
1

___ Ciliary body

___ Lens

___ Retina

___ Sclera

___ Tapetum fibrosum

(of choroid)

FIGURE 35.14 Partial frontal cut of dissected cow eye. Label the internal structures using the list provided.

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

A strong blow to the head might cause the retina to detach. From observations made during the eye dissection, explain

why this can happen. A1 A4

1. Which layer/tunic of the eye was the most difficult to cut? A4

2. What kind of tissue do you think is responsible for this quality of toughness? A4

3. How do you compare the shape of the pupil in the dissected eye with your own pupil? A4

4. Where was the aqueous humor in the dissected eye? A4

5. What is the function of the dark pigment in the choroid? A2

6. Describe the lens of the dissected eye. A4

7. Describe the vitreous humor of the dissected eye. A4

NOTES

373

Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________
The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.

Smell and Taste

PART A: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The distal ends of the olfactory neurons are covered with hairlike _______________________. A1

2. Before gaseous substances can stimulate the olfactory receptors, they must be dissolved in _______________________

that surrounds the cilia. A1

3. The axons of olfactory receptors pass through small openings in the ______________________ of the ethmoid bone. A2

4. The primary olfactory cortex for interpreting smell is located in the _______________________ of the cerebrum. A2

5. Olfactory sensations usually fade rapidly as a result of _______________________. A1

6. A chemical would be considered _______________________ if a person lacks a particular receptor site on the cilia of the

olfactory neurons. A1

PART B: Sense of Smell Assessments

1. Record the results (as +, if recognized; as 0, if unrecognized) from the tests of odor recognition in the following table: A3

Substance Tested

O D O R R E P O R T E D

First Trial Second Trial

2. Record the results of the olfactory sensory adaptation time in the following table: A3

Substance Tested Adaptation Time in Seconds

LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

374

3. Complete the following:

a. How do you describe your partner’s ability to recognize the odors of the substances you tested? A1

b. Compare your experimental results with those of others in the class. Did you find any evidence to indicate that

individuals may vary in their ability to recognize odors? Explain your answer. A1

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Does the time it takes for sensory adaptation to occur seem to vary with the substances tested? Explain your answer. A3

PART C: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. Taste is interpreted in the _______________________ of the cerebrum. A2

2. The opening to a taste bud is called a _______________________. A4

3. The _______________________ of a taste cell are its sensitive part. A4

4. The facial, _______________________, and vagus cranial nerves conduct impulses related to the sense of taste. A2

5. Substances that stimulate taste cells bind with _______________________ sites on the surfaces of taste hairs. A4

6. Sour receptors are mainly stimulated by _______________________. A4

7. Salt receptors are mainly stimulated by ionized inorganic _______________________. A4

8. Alkaloids usually have a _______________________ taste. A4

375

PART D: Sense of Taste Assessments

1. Taste receptor distribution. Record a + to indicate where a taste sensation seemed to originate and a 0 if no sensation

occurred when the spot was stimulated. A5

Sucrose (sweet sensation)

Acetic acid (sour sensation)

NaCI (salty sensation)

Quinine (bitter sensation)

MSG (umami sensation)

2. Complete the following:

a. Describe how each type of taste receptor is distributed on the surface of your partner’s tongue. A5

b. Describe other locations inside the mouth where any sensations of sweet, salty, sour, bitter, or umami were located. A5

376

c. How does your taste distribution map on the tongue compare to those of other students in the class? A5

3. Identify the structures associated with a taste bud in figure 34.6. A4

6
4
5
3
2
1

Epithelial tissue of tongue

Sensory nerve fibers

Supporting cells

Taste hair (microvillus)

Taste pore

Taste receptor cells

FIGURE 34.6 Label this diagram of structures associated with a taste bud by placing the correct numbers in the spaces

provided.

363

33
General Senses

PART A: Receptors and General Senses Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. Whenever tissues are damaged, _______________________ receptors are likely to be stimulated. A1

2. Receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes are called _______________________. A1

3. A sensation may seem to fade away when receptors are continuously stimulated as a result of _______________________

adaptation. A1

4. Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles are responsible for the sense of light _______________________. A1

5. Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles are responsible for the sense of deep _______________________. A1

6. _______________________ receptors are most sensitive to temperatures between 25°C (77°F) and 45°C (113°F). A1

7. _______________________ receptors are most sensitive to temperatures between 10°C (50°F) and 20°C (68°F). A1

8. Widely distributed sensory receptors throughout the body are associated with _______________________ senses

in contrast to special senses. A1

PART B: Touch (Tactile) Localization Assessments

1. Record the localization error for each area of the body you tested. A2

A R E A O F B O DY T E S T E D E R R O R O F L O C A L I Z AT I O N ( M M )

First Test Second Test Average

Fingertip

Palm

Back of hand

Back of neck

Forearm

Leg

2. Answer the following questions:

a. What body area tested had the smallest error of localization?

What body area tested has the largest error of localization?

What is your interpretation of these results?

364

b. Compare your measurement results of the first test to those of the second test of each body area. Did your ability

to localize the touch improve or deteriorate?

Predict the outcome if you were to do a third test on each body area and explain your reasoning.

PART C: Two-Point Threshold Assessments

1. Record the two-point threshold in millimeters for skin in each of the following regions: A3

Area of Body Tested Two-Point Threshold (mm)

Fingertip
Palm
Back of hand
Back of neck
Forearm
Leg
2. Answer the following questions:

a. What region of the skin tested has the greatest ability to discriminate two points?

What region of the skin tested has the least sensitivity to this test?

What is the significance of these observations?

b. Predict how a two-point threshold measurement of your lips would compare to the areas of the body you tested and

recorded in #1.

PART D: Sense of Temperature Assessments
1. Record a + to indicate where warm was felt and a 0 to indicate where

it was not felt. A4

2. Record a + to indicate where cold was felt and a 0 to indicate where

it was not felt. A4
.

365

3. Answer the following questions:

a. How do temperature receptors appear to be distributed in the skin of the palm? A4

b. Compare the distribution and concentration of warm and cold receptors in the skin of the palm. A4

NOTES

357

Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________

Dissection of the Sheep Brain

PART A: Assessments

Answer the following questions as you compare the sheep brain and human brain (model or cadaver):

1. Describe the location of any meninges observed to be associated with the sheep brain. A1

2. How do the relative sizes of the sheep and human cerebral hemispheres differ? A2

3. How do the gyri and sulci of the sheep cerebrum compare with the human cerebrum in numbers? A2

4. What is the significance of the differences you noted in your answers for questions 2 and 3? A2

5. What difference did you note in the structures of the sheep cerebellum and the human cerebellum? A2

6. How do the sizes of the olfactory bulbs of the sheep brain compare with those of the human brain? A2

7. Based on their relative sizes, which of the cranial nerves seems to be most highly developed in the sheep brain? A3

8. What is the significance of the observations you noted in your answers for questions 6 and 7? A2

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

358

PART B: Assessments
CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Prepare a list of at least six features to illustrate ways in which the brains of sheep and humans are similar. A2

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Interpret the significance of these similarities. A2 _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________
PART C: Assessments

Identify the features indicated in the median section of the sheep brain in figure 32.8.

FIGURE 32.8 Label the features of this median section of the sheep brain by placing the correct numbers in the spaces

provided. A1

1
2

5
3

222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222

33333333333333333333333

4 6

7
8

9
10

Lateral ventricle

Medulla oblongata

Midbrain

Pineal gland

Pons

Septum pellucidum

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Corpus callosum

Hypothalamus

30
Brain and Cranial Nerves

PART A: Assessments
Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided.

A1 A2 A3

Column A Column B

a. Central sulcus

b. Cerebral cortex

c. Corpus callosum

d. Gyrus

e. Hypothalamus

f. Insula

g. Medulla oblongata

h. Midbrain

i. Optic chiasma

j. Pineal gland

k. Pons

l. Ventricle

1. Structure formed by the crossing-over of the optic nerves

2. Part of diencephalon that forms lower walls and floor of third ventricle

3. Cone-shaped gland in the upper posterior portion of diencephalon

4. Connects cerebral hemispheres

5. Ridge on surface of cerebrum with pia mater closely attached

6. Separates frontal and parietal lobes

7. Part of brainstem between diencephalon and pons

8. Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem

9. Part of brainstem continuous with the

spinal cord

10. Internal brain chamber filled with CSF

11. Cerebral lobe located deep within lateral sulcus

12. Thin layer of gray matter on surface of cerebrum

PART B: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The ____________________ and the ____________________ together compose the dura mater in the cranial cavity. A1

2. The subarachnoid space contains a protective ____________________. A1

3. The ____________________, a dural septum, is located within the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral

hemispheres. A1

4. The superior sagittal sinus collects and contains ____________________. A1

5. The cerebral cortex contains the ____________________ matter. A2

6. Grooves on the surface of the brain are sulci; ridges on the surface are ____________________. A2

7. The auditory areas of the brain are part of the ____________________ lobe. A2

8. The vision areas of the brain are part of the ____________________ lobe. A2

9. The left cerebral hemisphere primarily controls the ____________________ side of the body. A2

10. The brainstem includes the pons, the midbrain, and the ____________________. A2

11. The delicate ____________________ membrane is located on the surface of the brain. A1

12. The ____________________ fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres. A2

13. The primary motor cortex is located within the ____________________ gyrus. A2

14. Arbor vitae and vermis are components of the ____________________. A2

15. The ____________________ ventricle is located between the pons and the cerebellum. A2

16. The ____________________ connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum. A2

PART C: Assessments

Identify the features indicated in the median section of the right half of the human brain in figure 30.13.

9
10

Fornix

Fourth ventricle

Spinal cord

1
2
3
6
7
5

PosteriorAnterior

4
8

Brainstem

Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Pons
Thalamus

FIGURE 30.13 Label the features on this median section of the right half of the human brain by placing the correct

numbers in the spaces

provided. A2

329

PART D: Assessments

Identify the cranial nerves that arise from the base of the brain in figure 30.14.

1
2
8
3
4
6
11
10
9

7
5

(I)

(II)

(VIII)

(III)

(IV)

(VI)

(XI)

(X)

(IX)

(XII)

Spinal nerves

(tract and bulb from)

Trochlear nerve

Facial nerve (VII)

(V)

FIGURE 30.14 Complete the labeling of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves as viewed from the base of the brain. The

Roman numerals indicated are also often used to reference a cranial nerve. A3

PART E: Assessments

Match the cranial nerves in column A with the associated functions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space

provided. A4

Column A Column B

a. Abducens

b. Accessory

c. Facial

d. Glossopharyngeal

e. Hypoglossal

f. Oculomotor

g. Olfactory

h. Optic

i. Trigeminal

j. Trochlear

k. Vagus

l. Vestibulocochlear

1. Regulates thoracic and abdominal viscera

2. Equilibrium and hearing

3. Stimulates superior oblique muscle of eye

4. Sensory impulses from teeth and face

5. Adjusts light entering eyes and eyelid opening

6. Smell

7. Controls neck and shoulder movements

8. Controls tongue movements

9. Vision

10. Stimulates lateral rectus muscle of eye

11. Sensory from anterior tongue and controls salivation and secretion of tears

12. Sensory from posterior tongue and controls salivation and swallowing

330

PART F: Assessments

1. Summarize the results of the basic clinical tests performed to detect any possible damage to a particular cranial

nerve. A4 A5

Name the cranial nerves that indicated normal functional results based upon the clinical tests performed.

Name any of the cranial nerves that had indications of impaired functional results based upon the clinical tests performed,

and describe the specific impaired function observed.

2. Place the number and name of the cranial nerve best associated with each of the following normal abilities or impaired

functions. All twelve cranial nerves are represented for the answers. A4 A5

1. Experiences motion sickness and seems intoxicated

2. Unable to rotate eyeball inferolaterally

3. Able to depress shoulder joint, but unable to elevate shoulder

4. Identifies tissues using the compound microscope

5. Experiences difficulty with tongue movements when talking and swallowing

6. Abducts the eyeballs

7. Detects the odor of burning fall leaves

8. Detects taste sensation of a medicine placed on the back of the tongue

9. Moves jaw from side to side and chews food

10. One pupil of an eye has a different shape and size

11. Hoarseness experienced in voice and difficulty speaking

12. Experiences facial muscle paralysis and sagging corner of mouth (Bell palsy)

29
Reflex Arc and Somatic Reflexes

PART A: Assessments

Complete the following table: A1

Reflex Tested Response Observed Effector Muscle Involved

Response During Mental
Distraction or Fatigue
(no change, more, or less)

Patellar

Calcaneal

Biceps

Triceps

Plantar

What conclusions can you make when comparing results of somatic reflexes under typical laboratory conditions to the results

under conditions of mental distraction or fatigue? How did these results compare to your original prediction? A1

PART B: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. A withdrawal reflex employs _______________________ in conjunction with sensory and motor neurons. A2

2. Interneurons in a withdrawal reflex are located in the _______________________. A2

3. A reflex arc begins with the stimulation of a _______________________ at the dendrite end of a sensory

neuron. A2

4. Effectors of somatic reflex arcs are _______________________ muscles. A2

5. A monosynaptic reflex arc involves a synapse between a neuron and a

neuron. A2

6. The effector muscle of the patellar reflex is the _______________________. A2

7. The sensory stretch receptors (muscle spindles) of the patellar reflex are located in the _______________________

muscle. A2

8. The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains the _______________________ neurons. A2

9. The normal plantar reflex results in _______________________ of toes. A2

10. Stroking the sole of the foot in infants results in dorsiflexion and toes that spread apart, called the _______________________

reflex. A2

11. In a stretch reflex arc, when the agonist muscle contracts, reciprocal inhibition occurs in its _______________________

muscle. A2

12. Synapses, whether excitatory or inhibitory, occur in the _______________________ matter of the spinal cord. A2

13. Effectors of autonomic reflexes include glands, smooth muscle, and _______________________. A2

14. List the major events that occur in the patellar reflex, from the striking of the patellar ligament to the resulting response. A2 A3

________________________________________________________________________________________________

What characteristics do the reflexes you demonstrated have in common? A3

________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________

Nervous Tissue and Nerves

PART A: Assessments

Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided.

A1 A2

Column A Column B
The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT
27

1. Sheath of Schwann cell containing cytoplasm and nucleus that encloses

myelin

2. Corresponds to rough endoplasmic reticulum in other cells

3. Network of threadlike structures within cell body and extending into axon

4. Substance of Schwann cell composed of lipoprotein that insulates axons

and increases impulse speed

5. Neuron process with many branches that conducts an action potential

(impulse) toward the cell body

6. Branch of an axon

7. Star-shaped neuroglia between neurons and blood vessels

8. Nerve fiber arising from a slight elevation of the cell body that conducts

an action potential (impulse) away from the cell body

9. Possesses a single process from the cell body

a. Astrocyte

b. Axon

c. Collateral

d. Dendrite

e. Myelin

f. Neurilemma

g. Neurofibrils

h. Nissl bodies

(chromatophilic

substance)

i. Unipolar neuron

PART B: Assessments
Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the

space provided. A1 A2

Column A Column B

a. Effector

b. Ependymal cell

c. Ganglion

d. Interneuron (association neuron)

e. Microglia

f. Motor (efferent) neuron

g. Oligodendrocyte

h. Sensory (afferent) neuron

1. Transmits impulse from sensory to motor neuron within central nervous

system

2. Transmits impulse out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors (muscles and

glands)

3. Transmits impulse into brain or spinal cord from receptors

4. Myelin-forming neuroglia in brain and spinal cord

5. Phagocytic neuroglia

6. Structure capable of responding to motor impulse

7. Specialized mass of neuron cell bodies outside the brain or spinal cord

8. Cells that line cavities of the brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

PART C: Assessments

Each circle below represents the field of view as seen through the microscope. In each circle, sketch the indicated cells. Label

any of the cellular structures observed, and indicate the magnification of each sketch. Alongside your sketch, add notes that

would assist in your understanding of the structures and functions. A2 A3

Motor neuron (______×)

Neuroglia (______×)

Sensory neuron cell body (______×)

PART D: Assessments

Each circle below represents the field of view as seen through the microscope. In each circle, sketch the indicated view of a

nerve fiber (axon). Label any structures observed, and indicate the magnification of each sketch. Alongside your sketch, add

notes that would assist in your understanding of the structures and functions. A2 A3

Nerve fiber cross section with Schwann cell (______×) Nerve fiber longitudinal section with Schwann cell (______×)

303

28
Meninges, Spinal Cord, and Spinal Nerves

PART A: Assessments

Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice

in the space provided. A1

Column A Column B

Arachnoid mater

b. Denticulate ligaments

Dura mater

d. Epidural space

e. Filum terminale

f. Pia mater

g. Subarachnoid space

h. Subdural space

1. Connections from pia mater to dura mater that anchor the

spinal cord

2. Inferior continuation of pia mater to the coccyx

3. Outermost layer of meninges

4. Follows irregular contours of spinal cord

surface

5. Contains a protective cushion of cerebrospinal fluid

6. Thin, weblike middle membrane

7. Separates dura mater from bone of vertebra

8. Potential narrow space with a thin film of fluid

304

PART B: Assessments

Identify the features indicated in the spinal cord cross section of figure 28.14.

PART C: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The spinal cord gives rise to 31 pairs of _______________________. A2 A3

2. The bulge in the spinal cord that gives off nerves to the upper limbs is called the ___________________ enlargement. A2

3. The bulge in the spinal cord that gives off nerves to the lower limbs is called the ___________________ enlargement. A2

4. The _______________________ is a groove that extends the length of the spinal cord posteriorly. A2

5. In a spinal cord cross section, the posterior _______________________ of the gray matter resemble the upper wings of

a butterfly. A2

6. The axons of motor neurons are found in the _______________________ roots of spinal nerves. A3

7. The _______________________ connects the gray matter on the left and right sides of the spinal cord. A2

8. The ___________________ in the gray commissure of the spinal cord contains cerebrospinal fluid and is continuous with

the cavities of the brain. A2

9. The white matter of the spinal cord is divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior _______________________ that contain

ascending and descending tracts. A2

10. There are _______________________ pairs of cervical spinal nerves. A3

Posterior/Dorsal

Anterior/Ventral

Dura mater
6
7
8
5
4
1
2
3

_____ Anterior root of spinal nerve _____ White matter

_____ Posterior root of spinal nerve_____ Gray matter

_____ Posterior root ganglion

_____ Anterior median fissure

_____

Central canal

_____ Posterior median sulcus

Arachnoid mater

FIGURE 28.14 Micrograph of a spinal cord cross (transverse) section with spinal nerve roots (7.5×). Label the features by

placing the correct numbers in the spaces provided. A2 A3

305

11. There are _______________________ pairs of sacral spinal nerves. A3

12. Cervical spinal nerve pair C1 originates between the foramen magnum of the occipital bone and the

_______________________. A3

13. Spinal nerves L4 through S4 form a _______________________ plexus. A3

14. The gray matter of the spinal cord is divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior _______________________. A2

15. The spinal cord ends just inferior to L1 in a tapered point called the _______________________. A2

16. Severing the _____________________ nerves of the cervical plexus would cause breathing to cease. A3

17. The inferior and superior gluteal nerves of the ________________________ plexus innervate the gluteal muscles of the

buttocks. A3

PART D: Assessments

Complete the following:

1. To block chronic pain in a patient, sometimes doctors will sever the posterior root of a spinal nerve. Provide a rationale for

such a procedure. A2 A3

2. Describe what the result would be if the anterior root of a spinal nerve were severed? A2 A3

3. Injuries to the vertebral column and spinal cord are always of concern. Explain why injuries, especially to cervical regions,

are of the greatest concern. Include specific cervical areas as part of your answer. A2 A3

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Why are intramuscular injections given in the gluteus medius muscle rather than in the larger gluteus maximus muscle in

the buttock region? A3

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Incorrectly using a crutch may cause impaired sensory or motor function to the arm, forearm, and hand as nerves are

compressed, creating a condition called crutch paralysis. A3

What nerve plexus is involved?

How might a person who uses a crutch avoid this injury?

NOTES

195

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O

found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise

Name ____________________________________________

Date ______________________________________________

Section ____________________________________________

LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

19
Joint Structure and Movements

PART A: Assessments
Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided.
A1 A2
Column A Column B

a. Gomphosis

b. Suture

c. Symphysis

d. Synchondrosis

e. Syndesmosis

1. Immovable joint between flat bones of the skull united by a thin

layer of dense connective tissue

2. Fibrocartilage fills the slightly movable joint

3. Temporary joint in which bones are united by bands of hyaline

cartilage

4. Slightly movable joint in which bones are united by interosseous

membrane

5. Joint formed by union of tooth root in bony socket

PART B: Assessments

Identify the types of structural and functional joints numbered in figure 19.7. A3

Structural Classification Functional Classification

1. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

7. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

8. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

9. _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________

196

1
3
4

Humerus

Atlas

Axis

Carpals

2
5
9

Ulna

Proximal phalanx

Metacarpal I

Trapezium

7
8

(a)

(d)

(g) (h)

(e) (f )

(b) (c)

FIGURE 19.7 Identify the types of structural and functional joints numbered in these illustrations (a–h).

197

PART C: Assessments

Match the types of synovial joints in column A with the examples in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space

provided. (Some answers may be used more than once.) A3

Column A Column B

a. Ball-and-socket

b. Condylar (ellipsoid)

c. Hinge

d. Pivot

e. Plane (gliding)

f. Saddle

1. Hip joint

2. Metacarpal–phalanx

3. Proximal radius–ulna

4. Humerus–ulna of the elbow joint

5. Phalanx–phalanx

6. Shoulder joint

7. Knee joint between femur and tibia (main movement)

8. Carpal–metacarpal of the thumb

9. Carpal–carpal

10. Tarsal–tarsal

PART D: Assessments

Complete the missing components of the following table: A4 A5

Name of Joint Type of Joint Bones Included Types of Movement Possible

Shoulder joint Humerus, scapula

Elbow joint Hinge, plane, pivot Flexion and extension between humerus and
ulna; twisting between radius and humerus;
rotation between head of radius and ulna

Hip joint Movements in all planes and rotation

Knee joint Hinge (modified), condylar, plane

1. (of head)

2. (of shoulder)

3. (of shoulder)

(of forearm and hand at radioulnar joint)

6. (of arm at shoulder)

7. (of arm at shoulder)

8. (of wrist)

9. (of wrist)

10. (of thigh at hip)

11. (of thigh at hip)

12. (of lower limb at hip)

13. (of chin/mandible)

14. (of chin/mandible)

15. (of vertebral column)

16. (of vertebral column)

17. (of head and neck)

18. (of head and neck)

19. (of arm at shoulder)

20. (of arm at shoulder)

PART E: Assessments

Identify the types of joint movements numbered in figure 19.8. A5

198

25. (of leg at knee)

26. (of leg at knee)

27. (of foot at ankle)

28. (of foot at ankle)

21. (of elbow)

22. (of elbow)

23. (of thigh at hip)

24. (of thigh at hip)

1413
1

1
2

3
6

7
8
9
10
11
12

5
4

2
3

19
20

24
25

27
28

(a) (c)

(b)

FIGURE 19.8 Identify each of the types of movements numbered and illustrated: (a) anterior view; (b) lateral view of head;

Source: Adapted from original concept of illustration drawn by Ross Martin.

173

Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O

found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

PART A: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The pelvic girdle consists of two _______________________. A1

2. The head of the femur articulates with the _______________________ of the hip bone. A1

3. The _______________________ is the largest portion of the hip bone. A1

4. The distance between the _______________________ represents the shortest diameter of the pelvic outlet. A1

5. The pubic bones come together anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint called the _______________________. A1

6. The _______________________ is the superior margin of the ilium that causes the prominence of the hip. A1

7. When a person sits, the _______________________ of the ischium supports the weight of the body. A1

8. The angle formed by the pubic bones below the pubic symphysis is called the _______________________. A1

9. The _______________________ is the largest foramen in the skeleton. A1

10. The ilium joins the sacrum at the _______________________ joint. A1

LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT
17
CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Examine the male and female pelves. Look for major differences between them. Note especially the flare of the iliac bones,

the angle of the pubic arch, the distance between the ischial spines and ischial tuberosities, and the curve and width of the

sacrum. In what ways are the differences you observed related to the function of the female pelvis as a birth canal? A2

PART B: Assessments

Match the bones in column A with the features in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. A3

Column A Column B

Femur

Fibula

Metatarsals

Patella

Phalanges

f. Tarsals

Tibia

1. Middle phalanx

2. Lesser trochanter

3. Medial malleolus

4. Fovea capitis

Calcaneus

Lateral cuneiform

7. Tibial tuberosity

Talus

9. Linea aspera

10. Lateral malleolus

11.

Sesamoid bone

12. Five bones that form the instep

174

PART C: Assessments

Identify the bones and features indicated in the radiographs of figures 17.6, 17.7, and 17.8.

5
6
7
1
2
3
4
Terms:

Head of femur

Ilium

Ischium

Obturator foramen

Pubic symphysis

Pubis

Sacrum

FIGURE 17.6 Identify the bones and features indicated on this radiograph of the anterior view of the pelvic region, using

the terms provided. A1 A3

Courtesy Dale Butler

(bone)

7
(bone)

(bone)

1
2

3
(bone)

6
Terms:
Femur
Fibula

Head of fibula

Lateral condyle

Medial epicondyle

Patella
Tibia

FIGURE 17.7 Identify the bones and features indicated in this radiograph of the right knee (anterior view), using the terms

provided. A3

Courtesy Dale Butler

175

5
6
7
8
1
4
3
2
Terms:
Calcaneus

Distal phalanx

Fibula

Metatarsal

Navicular

Proximal phalanx
Talus
Tibia
PART D: Assessments

Identify the bones of the foot in figure 17.9, the features of a femur in figure 17.10 (page 176), and the features of the hip bone in

figure 17.11 (page 176).

FIGURE 17.8 Identify the bones indicated in this radiograph of the right foot (medial view), using the terms

provided. A3

Courtesy Dale Butler
1
2
8
7
6
5
4
3
9
10
11
Terms:
Calcaneus

Cuboid

Distal phalanges

Intermediate

cuneiform

Lateral cuneiform

Medial cuneiform

Metatarsals

Middle phalanges

Navicular

Proximal phalanges

Talus

FIGURE 17.9 Identify the bones indicated on this superior view of the right foot, using the terms provided. A3

176

2
1

3
5
4
6
7
8

FIGURE 17.10 Label the anterior features of a right femur. A3

FIGURE 17.11 Label the lateral and medial features of the right hip (coxal) bone. A1

(a) Lateral view

1
2
3
5
7
8
4
6

(b) Medial view

163

16
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

PART A: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The pectoral girdle is an incomplete ring because it is open in the back between the _______________________. A1

2. The medial end of a clavicle articulates with the _______________________ of the sternum. A1

3. The lateral end of a clavicle articulates with the _______________________ process of the scapula. A1

4. The _______________________ is a bone that serves as a brace between the sternum and the scapula. A1

5. The _______________________ divides the scapula into unequal portions. A1

6. The lateral tip of the shoulder is the _______________________ of the scapula. A1

7. Near the lateral end of the scapula, the _______________________ process of the scapula curves anteriorly and inferiorly

from the clavicle. A1

8. The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the _______________________ of the humerus. A1

PART B: Assessments

Label the structures indicated in figure 16.7.

1
2
Terms:

Acromion

Coracoid process

Glenoid cavity

Inferior angle

Infraspinous fossa

Lateral border

Medial border

Spine

3
4
5
6
8
7

FIGURE 16.7 Label the posterior surface of the right scapula, using the terms provided. A1

164

PART C: Assessments

Match the bones in column A with the bones and features in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space

provided. (Some answers may be used more than once.) A2

Column A Column B

a. Carpals

b. Humerus

Metacarpals

d. Phalanges

Radius

f. Ulna

1. Capitate

2. Coronoid fossa

3. Deltoid tuberosity

4. Greater tubercle

5. Five palmar bones

6. Fourteen bones in digits

7. Intertubercular sulcus

8. Lunate

9. Olecranon fossa

10. Radial tuberosity

11. Trapezium

12. Trochlear notch

PART D: Assessments

Identify the bones and features indicated in the radiographs of figures 16.8, 16.9, and 16.10.

2
3
4
5

1
(bone)

6
(bone)

7
(bone)
Terms:

Head of radius

Humerus
Medial epicondyle

Olecranon

Radius

Trochlea

Ulna

FIGURE 16.8 Identify the bones and features indicated on this radiograph of the right elbow (anterior view), using the terms

provided. A2
Courtesy Dale Butler

165

1
2
3
(bone)
5
4
(bone)
6
(bone)
7
(bone)
Terms:
Acromion

Clavicle

Glenoid cavity

Head of humerus

Humerus

Rib

Scapula

FIGURE 16.9 Identify the bones and features indicated on this radiograph of the anterior view of the right shoulder, using

the terms

provided. A1 A2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sesamoid bone
Terms:
Carpals
Distal phalanx
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Proximal phalanx

Styloid process of radius

Styloid process of ulna

FIGURE 16.10 Identify the bones indicated on this radiograph of the right hand (anterior view), using the terms

provided. A2
Courtesy Dale Butler

166

PART E: Assessments

Identify the features of a humerus in figure 16.11 and the bones of the hand in figure 16.12.

1
3
2
4

Shaft

5
6
7

FIGURE 16.11 Label the anterior features of a right

humerus. A2

1 2

3
4

56
7

8
9

9 9 9
9

10
10

11
11

10
10

10
12
12
12
12
12

FIGURE 16.12 Complete the labeling of the bones

numbered on this anterior view of the right hand by placing

the correct numbers in the spaces provided. A2

_______ Capitate

_______ Distal phalanges

_______ Hamate

_______ Lunate

_______ Metacarpals

_______ Middle phalanges

_______ Pisiform

_______ Proximal phalanges

_______ Scaphoid

_______ Trapezium

_______ Trapezoid

_______ Triquetrum

4
3
© J & J Photography

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O

found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.

Name ____________________________________________

Date ______________________________________________
Section ____________________________________________
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

15
Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage

PART A: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The vertebral column encloses and protects the _______________________. A1

2. The vertebral column extends from the skull to the _______________________. A1

3. The seventh cervical vertebra is called the _______________________ and has an obvious spinous process surface feature

that can be palpated. A2

4. The _______________________ of the vertebrae support the weight of the head and trunk. A2

5. The _______________________ separate adjacent vertebrae, and they soften the forces created by walking. A1

6. The intervertebral foramina provide passageways for _______________________. A1

7. Transverse foramina of _______________________ vertebrae serve as passageways for blood vessels leading to the

brain. A3

8. The first vertebra also is called the _______________________. A3

9. When the head is moved from side to side, the first vertebra pivots around the _______________________ of the second

vertebra. A2

10. The _______________________ vertebrae have the largest and strongest bodies. A3

11. The typical number of vertebrae that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum is _______________________. A1

PART B: Assessments

1. Based on your observations, compare typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae in relation to the characteristics

indicated in the table. The table is partly completed. For your responses, consider characteristics such as size, shape,

presence or absence, and unique features. A2 A3

Vertebra Number Size Body Spinous Process Transverse Foramina

Cervical 7 smallest C2 through C6 are forked (bifid)

Thoracic intermediate

Lumbar absent

2. Identify the bones and features in figures 15.8 and 15.9.

2
Atlas
Axis

Coccyx

Costal facets

Intervertebral disc

Intervertebral foramen

Median sacral crest

Sacral promontory

Spinous processes

Thoracic vertebra

Transverse processes

1
6
7
8
9
10
11
3
4
5

FIGURE 15.8 Label the bones and features of a lateral view of a vertebral column by placing the correct numbers in the

spaces provided. A1 A2

155

2
3
4

Mandible

5
6
1

Posterior Anterior

Occipital bone

Terms:
Atlas
Axis

Body

Intervertebral disc

Spinous process

Transverse process

(bone)
(bone)

FIGURE 15.9 Identify the bones and features indicated in this radiograph of the neck (lateral view), using the terms

provided. A1 A2
CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called scoliosis, as shown in figure 15.10,

which can be treated by wearing a brace before the completion of skeletal growth. Predict

possible consequences of this type of spinal curvature if left untreated. A1

FIGURE 15.10 Scoliosis

156

PART C: Assessments

Complete the following statements:

1. The manubrium, body, and xiphoid process form a bone called the _______________________. A4

2. The last two pairs of ribs that have no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum are sometimes called _________________

ribs. A5

3. There are _______________________ pairs of true ribs. A5

4. Costal cartilages are composed of _______________________ tissue. A4

5. The manubrium articulates with the _______________________ on its superior border. A4

6. List three general functions of the thoracic cage. A4

7. The sternal angle indicates the location of the _______________________ pair of ribs. A4

PART D: Assessments

Identify the bones and features indicated in figure 15.11.

6
7
8
10
9
5
3
1
4
2
Terms:

Costal cartilage of false rib

Costal cartilage of true rib

Clavicular notch

Floating rib

Jugular notch

Manubrium

Sternal angle

Sternum

True rib

Xiphoid process

FIGURE 15.11 Label the bones and features of the thoracic cage, using the terms provided. A4 A5

139

Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________

Skull

PART A: Assessments

Identify the numbered bones and features of the skulls indicated in figures 14.10, 14.11, 14.12, and 14.13.

The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT
14
1
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)

Sphenoid bone

2
3
4
5
6

Parietal bone

Superior orbital fissure

Perpendicular plate of
the ethmoid bone

Vomer bone

9
Terms:

Frontal bone

Inferior nasal concha

Infraorbital foramen

Mandible

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Middle nasal concha

(of ethmoid bone)

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

FIGURE 14.10 Identify the bones and features indicated on this anterior view of the skull, using the terms provided. (If the

line lacks the word bone, label the particular feature.) A1

140

1
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
2
3
4

Sutural bone

5
6
7
8
9
10
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone

Lacrimal bone

11
12
13
15
14
Terms:

Coronal suture

External acoustic meatus
Frontal bone

Lambdoid suture

Mandible

Mandibular condyle

Mastoid process

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Occipital bone
Parietal bone

Squamous suture

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process

(of temporal bone)

FIGURE 14.11 Identify the bones and features indicated on this lateral view of the skull, using the terms provided. A1 A2

1
6(bone)

2
(bone)

3
(bone)

4
(bone)

5
Mastoid process
(bone)
7

8
(bone)

9
(bone)

10
11

Mandibular fossa

Terms:

Foramen magnum

Incisive foramen

Maxilla
Occipital bone

Occipital condyle

Palatine bone

Palatine process of maxilla

Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Vomer bone
Zygomatic bone

FIGURE 14.12 Identify the bones and features indicated on this inferior view of the skull, using the terms provided. A1

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

What bones and their features compose the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? A1

.
1
5
6
7

Foramen lacerum

Jugular foramen

Crista galli

Olfactory foramina

Cribriform plate

Optic foramen (canal)

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

2
3
4
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)
(bone)

(bone)
Terms:

Ethmoid bone

Foramen magnum
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bone

Sella turcica

Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone

FIGURE 14.13 Identify the bones and features on this floor of the cranial cavity of a skull, using the terms provided. A1

PART B: Assessments

Match the bones in column A with the features in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. (Some

answers are used more than once.) A1

Column A Column B

a. Ethmoid bone

b. Frontal bone

c. Occipital bone

d. Parietal bone

e. Sphenoid bone

f. Temporal bone

1. Forms sagittal, coronal, squamous, and lambdoid sutures

2. Cribriform plate

3. Crista galli

4. External acoustic meatus

5. Foramen magnum

6. Mandibular fossa

7. Mastoid process

8. Middle nasal concha

9. Occipital condyle

10. Sella turcica

11. Styloid process

12. Supraorbital foramen

PART C: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The suture joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones. A2

2. The parietal bones are firmly interlocked along the midline by the suture. A2

3. The suture joins the parietal bones to the occipital bone. A2

4. The temporal bones are joined to the parietal bones along the sutures. A2

5. Name the three cranial bones that contain sinuses. A4

6. Name a facial bone that contains a sinus. A4

7. Name six cranial bones that are visible on a lateral view of a skull. A1

144

PART D: Assessments

Match the bones in column A with the characteristics in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space

provided. (Some answers are used more than once.) A1 A3 A4

Column A Column B

a. Inferior nasal concha

b. Lacrimal bone

c. Mandible

d. Maxilla

e. Nasal bone

f. Palatine bone

g. Vomer bone

h. Zygomatic bone

1. Forms bridge of nose

2. Only movable bone in the facial skeleton

3. Contains coronoid process

4. Creates prominence of cheek inferior and lateral to

the eye

5. Contains sockets of upper teeth

6. Forms inferior portion of nasal septum

7. Forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch

8. Scroll-shaped bone in nasal passage

9. Forms anterior roof of mouth

10. Contains mental foramen

11. Forms posterior roof of mouth

12. Small bone in medial wall of orbit

13. Forms a very small portion of inferior orbit

14. Contains large sinus inferior to orbit

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Assume that an orbit of a skull was damaged in an accident. Which bones of a skull might need to be considered for

reconstruction in an orbital surgery? A3

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

What bones may be displaced in a person who has a deviated septum? Explain possible consequences of this

condition. A1 A4

127

FIGURE 13.3 Label the major bones of the skeleton: (a) anterior view; (b) posterior view. A1 A2

Organization of the Skeleton

PART A: Assessments

Label the bones indicated in figure 13.3. A1

128

(b)
7
8
1
2
3
5
6
4
9
10
11

FIGURE 13.3 Continued.

129

2
1
7
6
5
4
3
8
10
11
13
12
9
Terms:
Clavicle
Femur
Fibula

Hip bone

Humerus
Patella
Radius
Rib
Sacrum
Scapula
Sternum
Tibia
Ulna

FIGURE 13.4 Identify the bones in this random arrangement, using the terms provided.

PART B: Assessments

1. Identify the bones indicated in figure 13.4. A1

2. List any of the bones shown in figure 13.4 that are included as part of the axial skeleton. A2 _______________________

PART C: Assessments

1. Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. A3

Column A Column B

a. Condyle

b. Crest

c. Facet

d. Foramen

e. Fossa

f. Line

g. Ramus

1. Small, nearly flat articular surface

2. Deep depression or shallow basin

3. Rounded process

4. Opening or hole

5. Projection extension

6. Ridgelike projection

7. Slightly raised ridge

130

2. Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. A3

Column A Column B

a. Fovea

b. Head

c. Meatus

d. Sinus

e. Spine

f. Trochanter

g. Tubercle

1. Tubelike opening

2. Tiny pit or depression

3. Small, knoblike projection

4. Thornlike projection

5. Rounded enlargement at end of bone

6. Air-filled cavity within bone

7. Relatively large process

PART D: Assessments
Complete the following statements:

1. The extra bones that sometimes develop between the flat bones of the skull are called _______________________ bones. A1

2. Small bones occurring in some tendons in the hand or foot are called _______________________ bones. A1

3. The cranium and facial bones compose the _______________________ . A1

4. The _______________________ bone supports the tongue. A1

5. The _______________________ at the inferior end of the sacrum is composed of several fused vertebrae. A1

6. Most ribs are attached anteriorly to the _______________________ . A1

7. The thoracic cage is composed of _______________________ pairs of ribs. A1

8. The scapulae and clavicles together form the _______________________ girdle. A1

9. Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton: clavicle, femur, scapula, sternum? _____________ A2

10. Each wrist is composed of eight bones called _______________________ . A1

11. The hip bones (coxal bones) are attached posteriorly to the ______________ . A1

12. The _______________________ bone covers the anterior surface of the knee. A1

13. The bones that articulate with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called _______________________ . A1

14. All finger and toe bones are called _________________________________ . A1

127
The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT
13
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
FIGURE 13.3 Label the major bones of the skeleton: (a) anterior view; (b) posterior view. A1 A2
Organization of the Skeleton
PART A: Assessments
Label the bones indicated in figure 13.3. A1

128
(b)
7
8
1
2
3
5
6
4
9
10
11
FIGURE 13.3 Continued.

129
2
1
7
6
5
4
3
8
10
11
13
12
9
Terms:
Clavicle
Femur
Fibula
Hip bone
Humerus
Patella
Radius
Rib
Sacrum
Scapula
Sternum
Tibia
Ulna
FIGURE 13.4 Identify the bones in this random arrangement, using the terms provided.
PART B: Assessments
1. Identify the bones indicated in figure 13.4. A1
2. List any of the bones shown in figure 13.4 that are included as part of the axial skeleton. A2 _______________________

PART C: Assessments
1. Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. A3
Column A Column B
a. Condyle
b. Crest
c. Facet
d. Foramen
e. Fossa
f. Line
g. Ramus
1. Small, nearly flat articular surface
2. Deep depression or shallow basin
3. Rounded process
4. Opening or hole
5. Projection extension
6. Ridgelike projection
7. Slightly raised ridge
© J & J Photography

130
2. Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. A3
Column A Column B
a. Fovea
b. Head
c. Meatus
d. Sinus
e. Spine
f. Trochanter
g. Tubercle
1. Tubelike opening
2. Tiny pit or depression
3. Small, knoblike projection
4. Thornlike projection
5. Rounded enlargement at end of bone
6. Air-filled cavity within bone
7. Relatively large process
PART D: Assessments
Complete the following statements:
1. The extra bones that sometimes develop between the flat bones of the skull are called _______________________ bones. A1
2. Small bones occurring in some tendons in the hand or foot are called _______________________ bones. A1
3. The cranium and facial bones compose the _______________________ . A1
4. The _______________________ bone supports the tongue. A1
5. The _______________________ at the inferior end of the sacrum is composed of several fused vertebrae. A1
6. Most ribs are attached anteriorly to the _______________________ . A1
7. The thoracic cage is composed of _______________________ pairs of ribs. A1
8. The scapulae and clavicles together form the _______________________ girdle. A1
9. Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton: clavicle, femur, scapula, sternum? _____________ A2
10. Each wrist is composed of eight bones called _______________________ . A1
11. The hip bones (coxal bones) are attached posteriorly to the ______________ . A1
12. The _______________________ bone covers the anterior surface of the knee. A1
13. The bones that articulate with the distal ends of the tibia and fibula are called _______________________ . A1
14. All finger and toe bones are called _________________________________ . A1

117

12
Bone Structure and Classification

PART A: Assessments

Complete the following statements: (Note: Questions 1–6 pertain to bone classification by shape.)

1. A bone that has a wide surface is classified as a(an) _______________________ bone. A1

2. The bones of the wrist are examples of ________________________ bones. A1

3. The bone of the thigh is an example of a(an) _______________________ bone. A1

4. Vertebrae are examples of _______________________ bones. A1

5. The patella (kneecap) is an example of a special type of short bone called a _______________________ bone. A1

6. The bones of the skull that form a protective covering for the brain are examples of ______________________ bones. A1

7. Distinguish between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a long bone. A2

8. Describe where cartilage is found on the surface of a long bone. What function does cartilage serve in this location? A2

9. Why doesn’t the periosteum cover the articular cartilage of a long bone? A2

________________________________________________________________________________________________
PART B: Assessments
Complete the following:

1. Distinguish between the locations and tissues of the periosteum and those of the endosteum. A2

2. What structural differences did you note between compact bone and spongy bone? A3

118

3. How are these structural differences related to the locations and functions of these two types of bone? A3

4. From your observations, how does the marrow in the medullary cavity compare with the marrow in the spaces of the

spongy bone? A4

5. The humerus is the proximal bone of an upper limb; the femur is the proximal bone of a lower limb. In the adult skeleton

only certain portions of these long bones retain functional red bone marrow. Describe the specific regions of these bones

that retain blood cell production sites. A4

PART C: Assessments

Identify the structures indicated in figures 12.9, 12.10, 12.11, and 12.12.

1
2
3
4
6
7
5
Terms:

Articular cartilage

Compact bone

Epiphyseal line

Periosteum

Red bone marrow

Spongy bone

Yellow bone marrow

FIGURE 12.9 Label the structures of this long bone, using the terms provided. A2 A3

119

Terms:
Compact bone

Diaphysis

Epiphysis (distal)

Epiphysis (proximal)

Medullary cavity

Spongy bone

DistalDistal1

3 ProximalProximal

(a) (b)

4
5

Area not sectioned

FIGURE 12.10 Identify the structures indicated in (a) the unsectioned long bone (fifth metatarsal) and (b) the partially

sectioned long bone, using the terms provided. A2 A3

5
4
3
2
1
6
7
Terms:
Compact bone

Concentric lamella

Osteon

Perforating canal

Periosteum
Spongy bone

Trabeculae

FIGURE 12.11 Label the structures associated with bone, using the terms provided. A3 A4

120

1
2
3
Terms:

Canaliculi

Central canal

Lacuna (with osteocyte)

160

FIGURE 12.12 Label the structures of compact bone shown in the micrograph, using the terms provided. A4

105

11
Integumentary System

PART A: Assessments

1. Label the structures indicated in figure 11.6. A1

1
2
3
4
5
8
7
6

FIGURE 11.6 Label the features of the skin.

106

PART B: Assessments
Complete the following:

1. How does the skin of your palm differ from that on the back (posterior) of your hand? A1

2. Describe the differences you observed in the type and distribution of hair on the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of your

forearm. A1

3. Explain how a hair is formed. A2

4. What portion of the nail plate is not visible on the body surface when using a hand magnifier? A1

PART C: Assessments
Complete the following:

1. Complete the following chart, and then circle the layer that is found beneath the skin. A3

Layer Location Tissue(s) Distinguishing Characteristics

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

2. Match the structures in column A with the descriptions and functions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the

space provided. A1 A2
Column A Column B

a. Apocrine sweat gland

b. Arrector pili muscle

c. Dermis

d. Epidermis

e. Hair follicle

f. Keratin

g. Lunula

h. Melanin

i. Merocrine sweat gland

j. Sebaceous gland

k. Stratum basale

l. Stratum corneum

1. Portion of nail body near the cuticle

2. Superficial layer of epidermis

3. Become active after puberty in axillary and groin regions

4. Epidermal pigment

5. Deepest layer of skin

6. Responds to elevated body temperature

7. General name of entire superficial layer of the skin

8. Gland that secretes an oily mixture called sebum

9. Tough protein of nails and hair

10. Cell division and deepest layer of epidermis

11. Tubelike part that contains the root of the hair

12. Causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear

107

2. How do the cells of stratum corneum and stratum basale differ? A3

3. State the specific location of melanin observed in dark skin. A3

4. Which is darker, the anterior forearm or the posterior forearm? ____________________ Explain why. A3

5. What special qualities, due to the presence of fibers, does the connective tissue of the dermis have? A3

6. How is the structure of the thick skin of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet properly suited for its function? A4

PART D: Assessments
Complete the following:

1. What part of the hair extends from the hair papilla to the body surface? A1 __________________________________

2. In which layer of skin are sebaceous glands found? A1 __________________________________________________

3. How are sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles, and what do they secrete? A1

4. The ducts of apocrine sweat glands open into ______________________________________________________ . A1

5. Which type of sweat gland is most important in maintaining normal body temperature? A1

PART E: Assessments

Sketch a vertical section of human skin, using the scanning objective. Label the skin layers and a hair follicle, a sebaceous

gland, and a sweat gland. You may choose to use low-power and high-power objectives to add detail to your sketch, but be sure

to draw a composite drawing to scale. A4

NOTES

97
Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________

Muscle and Nervous Tissues

PART A: Assessments

Each circle below represents the field of view as seen through the microscope. In each circle, sketch a few cells or fibers of each

of the three types of muscle tissues and of nervous tissue that will clearly help you distinguish that tissue type. For each sketch,

label the major characteristics of the cells or fibers, indicate the magnification used, write an example of a location in the body,

and provide a function. Alongside your sketch, add any personal notes that would assist your future ability to recognize the

tissue. A1 A2 A3

Skeletal muscle tissue (_____×)

Location: ____________________________

Function: ___________________________

Nervous tissue (_____×)

Location: ____________________________

Function: ____________________________

Smooth muscle tissue (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Cardiac muscle tissue (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________
The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT
10

LEARNING EXTENSION ACTIVITY

In Part A, use colored pencils to differentiate various

cellular structures.

1. Coordinates, regulates, and integrates body functions

2. Contains intercalated discs

3. Muscle that lacks striations

4. Striated and involuntary

5. Striated and voluntary

6. Contains neurons and neuroglia

7. Muscle attached to bones

8. Muscle that composes heart

9. Moves food through the digestive tract

10. Conducts impulses along cellular processes

11. Muscle under conscious control

12. Muscle of blood vessels and iris

PART B: Assessments

Match the tissues in column A with the characteristics in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. (Some

answers may be used more than once.) A2 A3

Column A Column B

a. Cardiac muscle

b. Nervous tissue

c. Skeletal muscle

d. Smooth muscle

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

The word fiber is used to describe a structure in three of the four primary (main) tissue types. In connective tissues, a

fiber is a protein strand that is collagen, reticular, or elastic. The meaning of the word fiber is different in muscle tissue

and in nervous tissue. Explain a fiber in each of these two tissue types. A2

89
Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________
The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.

Connective Tissues

PART A: Assessments

Each circle below represents the field of view as seen through the microscope. In each circle, sketch a small section of each of the

types of connective tissues you observed that will clearly help you distinguish that tissue type. For each sketch, label the major

characteristics, indicate the magnification used, write an example of a location in the body, and provide a function. Alongside

your sketch, add any personal notes that would assist your future ability to recognize the tissue. A1 A2 A3

LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT
9

Areolar connective (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Dense regular connective (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Adipose (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Reticular connective (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Dense irregular connective (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Fibrocartilage (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Elastic connective (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Hyaline cartilage (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Elastic cartilage (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Compact bone (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

Blood (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________

___________________ connective (_____×)

Location: ____________________________
Function: ____________________________
PART B: Assessments
Match the tissues in column A with the characteristics in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. (Some
answers may be used more than once.) A2 A3

LEARNING EXTENSION ACTIVITY

Use colored pencils to differentiate various cellular

structures in Part A. Select a different color for the cells,

fibers, and ground substance whenever visible.

Column A Column B

a. Adipose

b. Areolar connective

c. Blood

d. Bone (compact)

e. Dense irregular connective

f. Dense regular connective

g. Elastic cartilage

h. Elastic connective

i. Fibrocartilage

j. Hyaline cartilage

k. Reticular connective

1. Forms framework of outer ear

2. Functions as heat insulator beneath skin

3. Contains large amounts of fluid and transports wastes and gases

4. Cells in a solid matrix arranged around central canal

5. Binds skin to underlying organs

6. Main tissue of tendons and ligaments

7. Forms the flexible part of the nasal septum and ends of long bones

8. Pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers

9. Main tissue of dermis

10. Occurs in some ligament attachments between vertebrae

and larger artery walls

11. Forms supporting tissue in walls of thymus and spleen

12. Cells in a fluid-gel matrix with parallel collagen fibers

13. Contains loose arrangement of elastic and collagen fibers

14. Transports nutrients and defends against disease

92
PART C: Assessments

As you examined each specific connective tissue, what were the general characteristics and structures they possessed? List

and

describe those that you were able to observe. A4

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Abdominal impact injuries in the region of the LUQ often involve the spleen. Explain the structural tissue characteristics

within the spleen that make it so vulnerable to serious injury. A3 A4

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Which of these two connective tissues, hyaline cartilage or bone (osseous), would you expect to heal more quickly if

injured? Explain why. A4

Epithelial Tissues

PART A: Assessments

Each circle below represents the field of view as seen through the microscope. In each circle, sketch a few cells of each type of

epithelial tissue you observed that will clearly help you distinguish that tissue type. For each sketch, label the major characteristics,

indicate the magnification used, write an example of a location in the body, and provide a function. Alongside your sketch, add

any personal notes that would assist your future ability to recognize the tissue. A1 A2 A3

LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT
8

Simple squamous epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________

Function: ___________________________

Simple columnar epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

Simple cuboidal epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

Stratified columnar epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

Stratified cuboidal epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

Transitional epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

___________________ epithelium (____×)

Location: ___________________________
Function: ___________________________

PART B: Assessments
Match the tissues in column A with the characteristics in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space provided. (Some
answers may be used more than once.) A2 A3
Column A Column B
CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

As a result of your observations of epithelial tissues,

which one(s) provide(s) the best protection? Explain

your answer. A3 ___________________________

LEARNING EXTENSION ACTIVITY

Use colored pencils to differentiate various cellu-

lar structures in Part A. Select a different color for a

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, basement mem-

brane, goblet cell, cilia, and microvilli whenever visible.

1. Consists of several layers of cube-shaped, elongated, and irregular

cells, allowing an expandable lining

2. Commonly possesses cilia that move dust and mucus out of the

respiratory airways

3. Single layer of flattened cells

4. Single row of elongated cells, but some cells don’t reach the free

surface

5. Forms walls of capillaries and air sacs of lungs

6. Provides lining of urethra of males and parts of pharynx

7. Provides abrasion protection of skin epidermis and oral cavity

8. Forms inner lining of urinary bladder and ureters

9. Lines kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands

10. Forms lining of stomach and intestines

11. Two or three layers of cube-shaped cells

12. Forms lining of oral cavity, anal canal, and vagina

13. Possesses microvilli in small intestine to increase surface area for

better absorption

a. Simple columnar epithelium

b. Simple cuboidal epithelium

c. Simple squamous epithelium

d. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

e. Stratified squamous epithelium

f. Stratified columnar epithelium

g. Stratified cuboidal epithelium

h. Transitional epithelium

PART C: Assessments

As you examined each specific epithelial tissue, what were the general characteristics and structures they possessed? List and

describe those that you were able to observe. A4

CRITICAL THINKING ASSESSMENT

Which of these two epithelial tissues, simple cuboidal or stratified squamous, would you expect to heal more quickly if

injured? Explain why. A4

5
Cell Structure and Function

PART A: Assessments

1. Label the cellular structures in figure 5.4. A1

Apical cell surface

Nucleus

Basal cell surface

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

FIGURE 5.4 Label the indicated cellular structures of this composite cell.

2. Match the cellular components in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the

space provided. A2

Column A Column B

a. Chromatin

b. Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum

d. Golgi apparatus (complex)

e. Lysosome

f. Microtubule

g. Mitochondrion

h. Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

j. Nucleus

k. Ribosome

l. Vesicle

_______ 1. Loosely coiled fibers containing protein and DNA within nucleus

_______ 2. Location of ATP production for cellular energy

_______ 3. Small RNA-containing particles for the synthesis of proteins

_______ 4. Membranous sac formed by the pinching off of pieces of plasma

membrane

_______ 5. Dense body of RNA and protein within the nucleus

_______ 6. Part of the cytoskeleton involved in cellular movement

_______ 7. Composed of membrane-bound canals for tubular transport

throughout the cytoplasm

_______ 8. Occupies space between plasma membrane and nucleus

_______ 9. Flattened, membranous sacs that modify and package a secretion

_______ 10. Membranous sac that contains digestive enzymes

_______ 11. Separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm

_______ 12. Spherical organelle that contains chromatin and nucleolus

PART B: Assessments
Complete the following:

1. Sketch a single cheek cell. Label the cellular components you recognize.

Add any additional structures observed to your sketch after staining was

completed. (The circle represents the field of view through the

microscope.) A3

2. After comparing the wet mount and the stained cheek cells, describe the

advantage gained by staining cells.

________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magnification ________________ ×

53
PART C: Assessments
Complete the following:

1. Each circle below represents the field of view as seen through the microscope. In each circle, sketch a single cell of each

type you observed in the prepared slides of human tissues. Name the tissue, indicate the magnification used, and label the

cellular components you recognize. A4

Tissue

× ×

×
Tissue

Tissue Tissue

2. What do the various types of cells in these tissues have in common?

3. What are the main differences you observed among these cells?

4. Using a cell that you observed, explain how its structure helps the cell carry out its function.

54
PART D: Assessments

Electron micrographs represent extremely thin slices of cells. Each micrograph in figure 5.5 contains a section of a nucleus and

some cytoplasm. Compare the organelles shown in these micrographs with organelles of the animal cell model and figure 5.1.

Using the terms provided, identify the structures indicated by the arrows in figure 5.5. A1

1. ____________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________

Answer the following question after observing the transmission electron micrographs in figure 5.5.

11. What cellular structures were visible in the transmission electron micrographs that were not apparent in the cells you

observed using the compound light microscope?

6. ____________________________________________

7. ____________________________________________

8. ____________________________________________

9. ____________________________________________

10. ____________________________________________

(a) Cytoplasm Nucleus

(Cross section)

(b) CytoplasmNucleus

Terms:

Chromatin (use 2 times)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria (cross section)

Mitochondrion (cross section)

Nuclear envelope (use 2 times)

Nucleolus

Plasma membrane

Ribosomes (free)

4
5
9
10
8
3
1
2
7
6

FIGURE 5.5 Transmission electron micrographs of cellular components. The views are only portions of a cell. Magnifications:

(a) 26,000×; (b) 10,000×. Identify the numbered cellular structures, using the terms provided. A1

41
The A corresponds to the indicated Learning Outcome(s) O
found at the beginning of the Laboratory Exercise.
Name _____________________________________________
Date _______________________________________________
Section _____________________________________________
LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT

4
Care and Use of the Microscope

PART A: Assessments

Revisit Procedure A, number 2; then complete the following: A2

1. What total magnification will be achieved if the 10× eyepiece and the 10× objective are used? ___________

2. What total magnification will be achieved if the 10× eyepiece and the 100× objective are used? ___________

PART B: Assessments

Revisit Procedure A, number 2; then complete the following:

1. Sketch the millimeter scale as it appears under the scanning objective magnification.

(The circle represents the field of view through the microscope.)

2. In millimeters, what is the diameter of the scanning field of view? A3 ___________

3. Microscopic objects often are measured in micrometers. A micrometer equals 1/1,000

of a millimeter and is symbolized by μm. In micrometers, what is the diameter of the

scanning power field of view? A3 ___________

4. If a circular object or specimen extends halfway across the scanning field, what is its

diameter in millimeters? A3 ___________

5. In micrometers, what is its diameter? A3 ___________

PART C: Assessments
Complete the following:

1. Sketch the millimeter scale as it appears using the low-power objective. A3

2. What do you estimate the diameter of this field of view to be in millimeters? A3

___________

3. How does the diameter of the scanning power field of view compare with that of the

low-power field? A3

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Why is it more difficult to measure the diameter of the high-power field of view than

that of the low-power field? A3

________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What change occurred in the intensity of the light in the field of view when you exchanged

the low-power objective for the high-power objective? A3 ______________

6. Sketch the numeral 4 (or 9) or letter e as it appears through the scanning objective of the

compound microscope. A3

7. What has the lens system done to the image of the numeral or letter? (Is it right side up,

upside down, or what?) A3 ________________________________________________

8. When you moved the ruler to the right, which way did the image move? A3 __________

9. When you moved the ruler away from you, which way did the image move? A3 _________

PART D: Assessments

1. Label the microscope parts in figure 4.8. A1

1
2
4
6
7
8
10
9
5
3

FIGURE 4.8 Identify the parts indicated on this compound light microscope.

2. Match the names of the microscope parts in column A with the descriptions in column B. Place the letter of your choice

in the space provided. A1
Column A Column B

a. Adjustment knob (coarse)

b. Arm

c. Condenser

d. Eyepiece (ocular)

e. Field of view

f. Iris diaphragm

g. Nosepiece

h. Objective lens system

i. Stage

j. Stage (slide) clip

PART E: Assessments

Using the field-of-view areas provided, sketch the objects you observed using the microscope. For each sketch, include the

name of the object, the magnification you used to observe it, and its estimated dimensions in millimeters and micrometers. A4

×
mm
×
mm
×
mm

1. Increases or decreases the light intensity

2. Platform that supports a microscope slide

3. Concentrates light onto the specimen

4. Causes stage (or objective lens) to move upward or downward

5. After light passes through the specimen, it enters this lens

system

6. Holds a microscope slide in position

7. Contains a lens (or two) at the top of the body tube

8. Serves as a handle for carrying the microscope

9. Part to which the objective lenses are attached

10. Circular area seen through the eyepiece

NOTES

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